Objective To evaluate the effects of operant-conditioning myofeedback therapy com-bined with conventional rehabilitation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and motor function in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 73 patients with primary cerebral infarction were enrolled and were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) (n=38) and control group (CG) (n=35). The subjects in EG group underwent an eight-week myofeedback training. Subjects in both groups followed the same treatment schedule for physical therapy and routine medication. Before the beginning of the experimental proto-col and 8 weeks later，serum BDNF levels were measured，neurological function was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)，motor function was assessed with simplified Fugl-Meyer Motor As-sessment (FMA). Results After 8 weeks，the NIHSS scores were reduced，the serum BDNF levels were elevated and the FMA were improved in the both groups (P＜0.01). While the changes were more significant in the EG group when compared to the CG group(P＜0.05). In addition，in EG group，the variations in NIHSS and FMA were both positively correlated with the changes of serum BDNF levels (r=0.405，0.672；P＜0.05). Conclusions Operant-conditioningmyofeedback therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy may up-regulate the serum BDNF lev-els，which is beneficial to the recovery of neurological function and improve motor function of patients with cere-bral infarction.