Objective To understand the psychosomatic health and quality of life in rural and urban one-child died persons. Methods A total of 841 one-child died persons who met the criteria in three districts of the main city of Chongqing were randomly selected and divided into urban group（ n=377） and rural group（ n=464）. A general questionnaire， 90 Symptom Check Lis（t SCL-90）， Self-rating Depression Scale（ SDS）， Social Support Rating Scale（ SSRS） and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF（ WHOQOL-BREF） were used to assess the physical and mental health and the quality of life. At the same time， all scales results were compared with control group of 674 non-lost cases. Results There were statistical differences among the urban one-child died group， the rural one-child died group and control group in the total score and element scores of SCL-90， SDS， SSRS and WHOQOL-BREF（ P ＜ 0.01）. Logistic regression showed that SCL-90 was the risk factor of depression， and social support was the protective factor of depression. Conclusions The physical and mental health of the one-child died persons are poor， and the quality of life declined， especially in the rural group. It is necessary to increase efforts to help rural one-child died persons and improve medical and aged security services.