Objective To investigate the effects of interaction between monoamine oxidase A rs1137070 gene polymorphism and childhood abuse on impulsive aggressive behavior in Uygur bipolar disorder patients. Methods The data of environmental exposures were collected with questionnaires. The polymerase chain reaction（ PCR） product direct sequencing was used to detect the polymorphism of the MAOA gene rs1137070 loci in 184 bipolar disorder with violent patients and 326 bipolar disorder without violent patients. The risk factors of impulsive aggression in Uygur bipolar disorder patients in Xinjiang were screened. The interaction between rs1137070 and childhood abuse was identified by interaction indicators. Results The frequency of rs1137070 allele in Xinjiang Uighur male of two groups group was statistically significant （χ2=11.499， P=0.001）. The frequency difference of rs1137070 genotype（ χ2=14.677， P=0.001） and allele （χ2=17.753， P ＜ 0.001） in the Uygur women of two groups was statistically significant. Childhood abuse was a risk factor for impulsive aggression in Uygur bipolar disorder in Xinjiang（ χ2=9.770， P=0.002）. There was a positive interaction between childhood abuse and rs1137070 gene polymorphism. RERI， AP and S were 1.18， 0.146 and 1.20 respectively. Conclusions The occurrence of impulsive aggressive behavior in Xinjiang Uygur bipolar disorder patients is the result of the combination of childhood abuse and genetic risk factors.