Objectives To investigate the relationship between social support and serum neurological function level， negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods From September 2014 to June 2018， a total of 92 patients with first-episode schizophrenia admitted to Panzhihua Third People's Hospital were divided into the control group and the study group with 46 patients in each group according to the random number table method. Patients in the control group were routinely taking antipsychotic drugs， and patients in the study group received social support intervention and antipsychotic medication， and the effect was evaluated after one month. The Social Support Rating Scale（ SSRS） scores before and after intervention were compared between the two groups. The study group was further divided into high SSRS score group and low SSRS score group with 23 cases in each group， according to the median SSRS score after the intervention. The differences in serum neurotransmitters［ dopamine（ DA）， γ-aminobutyric acid（ GABA）， acetylcholine （Ach）］， neurotrophic factor［ brain-derived neurotrophic factor（ BDNF）， nerve growth factor（ NGF）］， Scale for the Assessment of Negative symptoms（ SANS） scores， and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia （CDSS） scores were compared across the control group， the study group and high and low SSRS score groups. Results The SSRS scores of the study group were higher than those of the control group. The level of DA and GABA was higher than that of the control group. The level of Ach was lower than that of the control group. The level of BDNF and NGF was higher than that of the control group. The scores of SANS and CDSS were lower than those of the control group（ P＜0.05）. The change of the above indicators before and after the intervention of the high SSRS score group was larger than the low SSRS score group（ P＜0.05）. Conclusions Social support intervention can effectively optimize the condition of patients with schizophrenia. The degree of social support may be one of the important factors affecting the patient's condition.