Objective To explore the anxiety and depression among psychiatric standardized training students， and analyze the mediating role of job burnout between workload and anxiety and depression. Methods From February 2021 to February 2022， 1 174 psychiatric standardized training students from Beijing Huilongguan Hospital， Peking University Sixth Hospital， Beijing Anding Hospital of Capital Medical University were selected as the research subject. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey （MBI-GS）， Patient Health Questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9）， Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item （GAD-7）， and self-made workload questionnaire were used to investigate the job burnout， anxiety， depression， and workload of standardized training students. Model 4 in the Process V3.4 plugin of SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the mediating effect of job burnout between workload and anxiety and depression. Results A total of 1 174 questionnaires were distributed， and 1 129 valid questionnaires were collected， with an effective response rate of 96.17%. There were statistically significant differences in depression among standardized training students with different training years， identity types， personal income， and educational levels （P ＜ 0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in anxiety among standardized training students with different identity types， personal income， and educational levels （P＜ 0.05）. The workload questionnaire， GAD-7， PHQ-9， and MBI-GS scores of psychiatric standardized training students were 7.00（5.00，8.00）， 5.00（2.00，9.00）， 5.00（2.00， 9.00）， and 35.00（24.00，44.00）， respectively. There were positive correlations between job burnout， workload， anxiety， and depression among standardized training students， and the difference was statistically significant （r=0.421-0.838； P ＜ 0.001）. The direct predictive effect of the workload of standardized training students on anxiety and depression was significant （β=0.693， 0.465； P＜ 0.001）， workload positively predicted job burnout （β=4.728， P＜ 0.001）， job burnout positively predicted anxiety and depression （β=0.189， 0.237； P＜ 0.001）， the above differences were statistically significant. Job burnout had a partial mediating effect between workload and anxiety， with a mediating effect value of 0.868 ［95%CI （0.742， 0.998）］， accounting for 55.82% of the total effect. Job burnout partially mediated the relationship between workload and depression， with a mediating effect value of 1.092 ［95%CI （0.930， 1.254）］， accounting for 69.87% of the total effect. Conclusions Workload not only directly affects the anxiety and depression of psychiatric standardized training students， but also indirectly affects anxiety and depression through job burnout.