Changes in cerebral hemodynamics play an important role in the process of vascular cognitive impairment， cerebral hemodynamics are influenced by changes in cerebral blood flow， vascular pulsation， intracranial pressure， intracranial compliance， cerebral perfusion pressure， and autoregulation. When cerbral blood flow hypoperfusion， arteriosclerosis， and imbalance of neurovascular units occur， the clinical manifestation is cognitive impairment. At present， clinical diagnosis and treatment can rely on ultrasound， functional near-infrared spectroscopy， brain computed tomography perfusion， magnetic resonance imaging， positron emisson tomography to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics. This paper explores the pathophysiological mechanisms， clinical evaluation techniques， clinical characteristics， and treatment interventions of cognitive impairment caused by changes in cerebral hemodynamics， aiming to deepen the understanding of this disease among clinical physicians， search for reliable predictive indicators， and identify high-risk individuals for early intervention.