Gliomas are the most common primary malignant tumors in the intracranial region， among which glioblastoma （GBM）， as the most aggressive primary brain tumor， is characterized by high heterogeneity and an abnormally rapid proliferation capacity. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier （BBB）， traditional treatments such as surgery， radiotherapy， and chemotherapy have limited efficacy in treating GBM. In recent years， immunotherapy has emerged as a cutting-edge strategy in cancer treatment， showing tremendous potential. However， the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM and its complex immune evasion mechanisms present significant challenges to the application of immunotherapy. Therefore， in-depth research into the characteristics of the GBM microenvironment and its interactions with tumor cells has become critical for improving therapeutic outcomes.This review focuses on the major cellular components of the GBM microenvironment， including tumor cells， immune cells， and their interactions， as well as the roles of key cytokines in tumor progression. Furthermore， it explores novel immunotherapeutic strategies， such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell （CAR-T） therapy， immune checkpoint inhibitors， and other immunomodulatory approaches， analyzing their challenges and potential advantages in clinical applications. Additionally， it highlights new research directions and therapeutic concepts targeting non-tumor cellular components in the microenvironment， such as the regulation of tumor-associated macrophages （TAMs） and T cells. A comprehensive understanding of the complexity and dynamic changes within the GBM immune microenvironment will facilitate the identification of more effective therapeutic targets， driving the development of personalized treatments and significantly improving patient survival and quality of life. Future research should focus on the synergistic interactions among different cell types within the microenvironment and their regulatory mechanisms to develop more precise and efficient therapeutic strategies.