Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 （TRPV1） is widely distributed in the central nervous system and plays a dual role in oxidative stress， neuroinflammation， neuronal apoptosis， and synaptic damage. Schizophrenia is a group of mental disorders characterized by positive symptoms， negative symptoms， psychomotor disorders， and severe impairment of reality testing ability， and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Research has found that TRPV1 may play a potential role in schizophrenia. This article summarizes the dual role of TRPV1 in the central nervous system， so as to explain the possible mechanism of TRPV1's involvement in schizophrenia.