Electrical status epilepticus during sleep （ESES） is a specific electroencephalographic phenomenon appearing as a near-continuous release of spikes and slow waves during wake-sleep phases， and is commonly seen in a variety of epileptic syndromes， with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes （SeLECTS）， Landau-Kleffner Syndrome （LKS）， and epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spikes and waves during slow-wave sleep （CSWS）， which are also characterized by varying degrees of neuropsychological impairments. The pathophysiologic mechanism of ESES is still unclear， but with the maturation of gene sequencing， electroencephalography， brain imaging （MRI， MRS）， and other auxiliary detection techniques， important advances have been made in the structural， immunologic， and genetic （CNKSR2， GRIN2A） aspects. As a research hotspot in recent years， targeted therapy has been gradually explored in epileptic syndromes， but no clear guidelines have been formed yet. Therefore， based on the current research status of ESES， this paper reviews the occurrence， progression， diagnosis and treatment of ESES and its characteristic EEG manifestations， with a view to providing references for the formulation of diagnostic and therapeutic programs， and providing ideas for basic research.