Vascular dementia is the second most common age-related dementia. It is a syndrome characterized by cognitive impairment resulting from insufficient blood perfusion and hemodynamic changes of brain tissue caused by various factors， and its etiology is closely linked to stroke. The pathogenesis of vascular dementia is highly complex， and a growing body of literature highlights the role of microglia in the onset and progression of the disease. This paper reviews the different roles of different polarization states of microglia in normal brain tissue and vascular dementia， and further analyzes the possibility of microglial membrane protein as a molecular marker of vascular dementia， and explores the potential therapeutic strategy of targeting microglia for the treatment of vascular dementia.