The acute stress response is a transient adaptive response of an organism to a sudden environmental stress， aimed at rebuilding physiological and behavioral homeostasis. It often appears immediately after the event and can subside rapidly within hours to days. Acute stress acts on the physiological， psychological， and behavioral aspects of the organism and is associated with an increased risk for a variety of psychological disorders （such as anxiety disorders）. Studies in mouse models play a key role in unraveling the mechanisms underlying the acute stress-related diseases. This paper compiles and reviews the literature on the effects of acute stress on neurobehavior and its related biological mechanisms in mice in recent years， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the intervention of acute stress.