Microplastics（ plastic particles ＜5 mm in diameter）， as a new class of environmental contaminants， have been detected in a variety of environmental media and food products. It has been shown that microplastics can cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and act on the central nervous system of animals， and their effects and molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated. This paper systematically reviews the impact of microplastic exposure on neurological development， cognition and learning， emotion and behavior in animals， and explores the potential mechanisms of action， including oxidative stress， neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter dysregulation， with a view to further revealing the neurotoxic effects of microplastics and providing potential molecular intervention pathways.