The gut microbiota forms a bidirectional regulatory network with the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis， playing an important role in neurological function regulation and rehabilitation. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can affect neuroplasticity， exacerbate neuroinflammation， and disrupt neurotransmitter metabolism， and is closely associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease， Parkinson's disease， and stroke. Gut microbiota-based intervention strategies， such as probiotic and prebiotic supplementation， fecal microbiota transplantation， and dietary and lifestyle adjustments， can optimize the gut microenvironment， reduce neuroinflammation， and promote neurological recovery. Currently， this field still faces challenges such as unclear mechanisms of action， insufficient sample sizes in clinical studies， and a lack of standardized intervention protocols. This review comprehensively and systematically summarizes and analyzes research progress on the association between gut microbiota and neurological rehabilitation， as well as intervention strategies， aiming to provide reference for further research and clinical application in this field.