Abstract:Non-pharmacological therapy for depressive disorders is an effective supplement to pharmacological treatment. Mindfulness therapy is a kind of psychotherapy that has been regularly used in recent years. This paper aims to summarize recent research on the concept of mindfulness and mindfulness-based therapy， the mechanism of mindfulness， and the application of mindfulness in patients with depressive disorders from both home and abroad， and to provide directions and support for further research and clinical application.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate of risperidone（ RIS） on metabolic dysfunction of female mice， and the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor（ MIF）. Methods A total of 24 C57BL/6 female mice are randomly divided into 3 groups， and treated with vehicle， 2 mg/kg RIS， 4 mg/kg RIS for 4 weeks by intragastric administration. Then the body weight， food intake， glucose tolerance and liver weight were compared. MIF was assessed by ELISA（ Experiment 1）. To further evaluate the role of MIF in risperidone induced metabolic dysfunction， we performed experiment with MIF knockout（ MIF-/-） and wide type（ WT） mice. Mice were randomly assigned to WT+Vehicle、WT+RIS、MIF-/-+Vehicle、MIF-/-+RIS group. All groups were treated for six weeks. The body weight and food intake were compared（ Experiment 2）. Results Experiment 1： Body weight and food intake were increased most obviously after 4 mg/kg RIS treatment. A corresponding glucose resistance and elevated liver weight were observed in 4 mg/kg RIS group. Four weeks later， the body weight， food intake and the weight of liver of the 4 mg/kg RIS group were（ 19.54±0.22） g，（ 3.76±0.06） g/d，（ 0.85±0.01） g， while those of the control group were（ 18.17±0.21） g，（ 2.56±0.04） g/d，（ 0.68±0.03） g. Furthermore， the amount of MIF in 4 mg/kg RIS group was（ 33.13±1.44） ng/ml， which was higher than that of the control group （19.6±1.06） ng/ml. Experiment 2： On the 6th week of treatment， compared with MIF-/- mice， wild-type mice showed significant increase in body weigh［t （21.68±0.21） g vs（ 20.44±0.17） g］ and food intake［ （3.12±0.02） g/d vs（ 2.62±0.03） g/d］ after risperidone administration. There was no weight gain or food intake in MIF-/- + RIS group. Conclusions 4 mg/kg RIS could induce metabolic dysfunction in female C57BL/6 mice. MIF may play an important role in RIS induced metabolic dysfunction.

Abstract:Objectives To develop a virtual reality（ VR） tool to assess the cue-induced craving in methamphetamine（ MA） patients and to explore the mechanism of cue-reactivity in autonomic nerves system and cortex. Methods MA cue enriched and neutral VR environment is created with a panoramic camera and displayed in the VR headset. A total of 20 MA patients were recruited. They received VR exposure while being monitored for skin conductance， pulse rate and electroencephalogram（ EEG）. Craving was assessed by a self-report measure and information about substance abuse history were collected. Results Patients' skin conductance significantly increased from（ 7.44±3.76） μS to（ 7.87±3.97） μS in MA cue enriched VR environment compared with neutral exposure（ P=0.018）. The activation of dorsolateral prefrontal， frontopolar and orbital frontal cortex significantly decreased by 0.41，0.51 and 0.49 dBμV2/m2， respectively（ t=2.594， P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The findings in this pilot study have revealed the patients' psychophysical and cortex reaction to the MA cue enriched VR environment， which might be related to the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit and the executive control circuit.

Abstract:Objectives To understand the differences between self-harm behaviors with and without suicidal ideation among psychological aids hotline callers. Methods All calls to Beijing Psychological Aids Hotline during December 2002 to December 2008 in which callers reported history of self-harm were included in the study. During receiving the calls， hotline operators asked the callers about the specific situation of selfharm behaviors. According to the presence or absence of suicidal ideation， the self-harm callers were divided into two groups to compare. Results Among the 4 423 callers with self-harm history， 2 731（ 61.7%） of them had suicidal ideations. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that the self-harm method， purpose and whether being treated in hospital were associated with suicidal ideation among self-harm callers. Self-harm callers who are female（ AOR=1.17）， who sought for medical treatment after self-harm（ AOR=1.85）， choosing to fall， taking therapeutic drugs or other poisons（ AOR=1.77，1.48，1.71） were more likely to have suicidal ideation. People engaging self-harm by cutting wrist or the rope（ AOR=0.72） and for the purpose of punishing others（ AOR=0.20） were less likely to have suicidal ideation. Conclusions Hotline callers' self-harm behavior with or without suicidal ideation differs in self-harm characteristics and related factors， but there are also many similarities. Suicide prevention measures should not overlook those self-harm without clear suicidal ideation.

Abstract:Objectives To study the difference of serum leptin levels between alcohol dependent patients and the control group， and the relationship between serum leptin levels and the cognitive functions of alcohol dependent patients. Methods A total of 45 Han male patients from Northern China with the diagnosis of alcohol dependence based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders（ DSM- Ⅳ） were randomly selected. A total of 45 male healthy individuals were selected as the control group. Blood samples were collected from both groups， and the serum leptin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent test. The cognitive functions were evaluated by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test（ WCST）. Results The level of serum leptin in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group， and the difference has statistical significance（ P＜0.001）. In the experimental group， the level of serum leptin was positively related to the total errors（ r=0.339，P=0.023） and the continuous errors（ r=0.372，P=0.012） of WCST while negatively related to the total corrects（ r=-0.339，P=0.023） and continuous corrects（ r=-0.327，P=0.029）. Conclusions The level of serum leptin in alcohol dependent patients is significantly higher than general population， and the higher the level of serum leptin is， the more severe the cognitive impairment becomes.

Abstract:Objectives To analyze the correlation between Patient Health Questionaire-9（ PHQ-9） and Hamilton Depression Scale-17（ HAMD-17） in assessing the severity of depression. Methods A total of 115 patients with depression were selected from the outpatient care of Bejing Anding Hospital. HAMD- 17 was used to assess the severity of depression， and all patients were also instructed to conduct PHQ-9 selfassessment. The internal consistency of HAMD-17 total score and PHQ-9 total score was evaluated by intraclass correlation efficient（ ICC）. The consistency of the ordered categorical variables of both scales was analyzed by weighted kappa coefficient. The correlation of the dimensions of both scales was assessed by Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results PHQ-9 and HAMD-17 had a good consistency［ ICC=0.657（0.504， 0.763)， P ＜ 0.01］. Kappa analysis showed that there was a correlation between the severity of the two groups at all levels， but the consistency across two scales was poor［ Kappa=0.313（0.197， 0.430）， P ＜ 0.01］. HAMD-17 and PHQ-9 showed correlation in the dimensions of suicide， sleep， constitution， systemic symptoms， interest and self-blame（ P＜0.05）. Particularly， there was a good correlation in suicide（ r=0.62）. However， there was no correlation in depressed mood（ P＞0.05）. Conclusions The PHQ-9 and HAMD scales have a high correlation in assessing the severity of depression. They can be used for early screening and suicide risk prediction of depression， providing a basis and reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:Objectives To discuss the correlation between childhood abuse and adult schizophrenia. Methods From the subject database of clinical data and biological sample library of mental illness in Beijing Anding Hospital（ n=2 142）， 82 schizophrenia subjects and 111 controls were selected. We discussed the relationship between childhood abuse and adult schizophrenia by analyzing and comparing the data from the two groups using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire（ CTQ）. The schizophrenia group was first divided into two sub-groups according to the number of episodes（ ≤2 times or ＞2 times）. The scores of CTQ in the two subgroups were compared. Results The differences in the total scores and dimension scores（ i.e.， emotional abuse， physical abuse， sexual abuse， emotional neglect and physical neglect） of the CTQ showed statistical significance across experimental and control groups（ t’=-9.18，-10.58，-8.98，-7.39，-6.09，-7.89， all P＜ 0.05）. The difference of total score and dimension score（ emotional abuse， physical abuse， sexual abuse， emotional neglect and physical neglect） of the CTQ is also significant across the two sub-groups of the experimental group（ t’=13.29， 13.22，7.77，8.60，12.59，9.33， all P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Schizophrenia patients score higher in CTQ than normal population and the score increases with the number of psychotic episodes， suggesting that adult schizophrenia patients may have histories of childhood abuse.

Abstract:Methods The Tai Chi group（ n=94） and the control group（ n=61） were assessed at baseline for participants' cognitive function with the measures of Mini-Mental State Examination（ MMSE）， Montreal Cognitive Assessment（ MoCA）， verbal fluency， digit symbol， copy， trail making test， picture description， repetition， associative learning， episodic memory， similarity and calculation. Four years later， a follow-up assessment was conducted. We assessed the cognitive function of the participants in each group to conduct inter-person comparisons before and after 4 years， and to compare the differences of cognitive function change between the two groups. Results At baseline， the only significant difference between the two groups was the total score of the baseline MMSE［ （28.21±2.04） vs.（ 27.09±2.17），t=2.485， P=0.014］. Compared with the baseline， the cognitive function of the control group declined in most dimensions after 4 years（ P＜0.05） except the repetition score. Similarly， there was no significant decline in the repetition score of Tai Chi group. We used each group's score change before and after 4 years in different cognitive function dimensions to compare the cognitive function decline in the two groups. We found that， compared to the control group， there was a narrower score change in the Tai Chi group in terms of MMSE［ 1（0，2） vs. 2（0，3），Z=2.719，P=0.007］， MoCA［ （1 0，4） vs. 4（3，6），Z=-5.697，P＜ 0.001］， trail making test［ 6（0，13） vs. 11（2，24），Z=-2.359，P=0.018］， episodic memory［ 0.5（0，1.5） vs. 1（0.5，2），Z=-2.292，P=0.022］ and similarity［ 1（0，2） vs. 2（0，4），Z=-2.678，P=0.007］. Conclusions Tai Chi has a positive effect on slowing cognitive function decline in senior individuals. Longterm Tai Chi exercise may be beneficial to the retention of cognitive function in the senior population.

Abstract:Objectives To investigate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic transsphenoidal reoperation for recurrent or residual pituitary adenoma. Methods A total of 69 patients with pituitary adenoma admitted from January 2015 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Operation time， postoperative length of stay， operation complication rates and resection rates were compared for both first-time operation and reoperation groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences in resection rates and operation time across the two groups（ P ＞ 0.05）. However， the postoperative length of stay was significantly longer in reoperation group than that of the first-time operation group［ （13.30±6.81）d vs（ 9.60±3.55）d；t=2.16， P＜0.05］. There was also a significant difference in operation complication rates across the two groups， characterized by an increase in the occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage， intracerebral infectious and diabetes insipidus in the reoperation group（ P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The total resection rate of recurrent and residual endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenomas is not significantly different from that of the first operation， but the incidence of complications increases significantly， the length of hospitalization after operation prolongs， and the complexity and difficulty of reoperation in resecting tumors and protecting important adjacent anatomical structures are significantly higher than those of the first operation.

Abstract:Objectives To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of endoscope-assisted and microscopy microvascular decompression（ EA-MVD and M-MVD） using meta-analysis. Methods Following the principle of evidence-based medicine， we searched databases（ e.g.， EMBase， Medline， Cochrane library， VIP， CNKI， Wan Fang） for studies of endoscope-assisted and microscopy microvascular decompression from January 1992 to January 2018. Studies that met the inclusion standard were meta-analyzed in RevMan 5.3. Results A total of 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis with a total sample of 1 040 patients. There was no significant difference in the operation time between the two groups（ P=0.88）. The occurrence of postoperative complications and one-year recurrence rate in the M-MVD group were higher than those in the EA-MVD group while the overall postoperative recovery rate and the one-year postoperative recovery rate in the M-MVD group were lower than those in the EA-MVD group. The OR combined values were 2.75（ 1.99-3.81）， 9.10（ 2.41-34.33）， 0.38（ 0.26- 0.55）， 0.36（ 0.20-0.64）， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Compared with M-MVD， EA-MVD is safer， more effective with a lower postoperative complication rate.

Abstract:Objectives To explore the relationship between the psychological wellbeing and traditional Chinese medicine（ TCM） constitutional types of employees in logistics industry. Methods A total of 1 154 employees were surveyed using Symptom Checklist-90（ SCL-90） and TCM constitutional type identification questionnaire. Results The total score and five factor scores（ i.e.， somatization， obsessive-compulsive， expression， anxiety， psychoticism） of SCL-90 were significantly higher in surveyed employees than the national norm（ P＜0.05）. 48.44%（ 559/1 154） of the employees were gentleness constitutional type， and 51.56%（ 595/ 1 154） were pathological constitutional type. Every factor score of SCL-90 was significantly negatively related to gentleness type scores， and significantly positively related to eight types of pathological constitutional type scores（ P ＜ 0.01）. The constitutional types of qi-depression， qi-deficiency， dampness-heat and blood stasis can predict the SCL-90 total score positively， while the constitutional types of gentleness and yang-deficiency can predict the SCL-90 total score negatively. Conclusions The overall psychological wellbeing in logistics industry is poor， and employees tend to have pathological constitutional types. There is a close relationship between psychological wellbeing and TCM constitutional types in logistics employees. The constitutional types of qi-depression， qi-deficiency， dampness-heat and blood stasis are risk factors for the psychological distress.

Abstract:Objective To understand the relationship of the thromboelastogram（ TEG） parameters of patients with acute cerebral infarction（ ACI） and serum angiogenin-1（ Ang-1） and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（ MCP-1） levels. Methods A total of 60 patients with ACI treated in Shandong Third Hospital from January 2016 to May 2018 were assigned as the observation group， and 60 healthy adults who Same to same hospital for physical examination at the same time were assigned as the control group. The levels of serum Ang-1 and MCP-1 and the TEG parameters were compared across the two groups. TEG parameters， serum Ang-1 and MCP-1 levels in patients with different severity of ACI in the observation group were compared and their correlations was examined. Results The α-angle， maximal amplitude（ MA）， coagulation index（ CI） and MCP-1 in the observation group were higher than the control group， and the R and K values， the Ang-1 in the observation group were lower（ P＜0.05）. There were significant differences in the TEG parameters， serum Ang-1 and MCP-1 in patients with different severity of ACI in the observation group（ P＜ 0.05）， such that the more severe the patient's ACI was， the lower the R and K values， Ang-1 were while the higher the α-angle， MA， CI and MCP-1 were（ P＜0.05）. Serum MCP-1 was positively correlated with α angle， MA and CI， and negatively correlated with R and K values（ P＜0.05）. Serum Ang-1 was negatively correlated with α angle， MA and CI， and positively correlated with R and K values（ P＜0.05）. Conclusions There is a good correlation between the parameters of thromboelastography and the level of vascular protection index Ang-1 and inflammatory response index MCP-1， which is not only helpful for the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction， but also can be used to reflect the severity of illness and to guide the diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:

Abstract:Alzheimer disease（ AD） is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal deposition of amyloid β protein（ Aβ）， abnormal phosphorylation of tau， and degeneration and necrosis of neurons triggered by these. Studies have shown that hippocampal neurogenesis is closely related to AD. The treatment of hippocampal neurogenesis for AD has become a meaningful and promising study. This article discusses the research progress of the relationship between AD and hippocampal neurogenesis.

Abstract:The mammalian target of rapamycin（ mTOR） is a conserved srine/ threonine kinase， which reacts downstream 4E-BP and p70S6K under the control of upstream signal molecules Rheb and TSC1/2， and then affecting protein synthesis to regulate cell growth and proliferation. Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism of cells and the clearance of certain aggregate proteins in neurodegenerative diseases mainly relies on autophagy. Recent studies have indicated that neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease are associated with abnormalities in thyroid function， mTOR signaling pathway， and autophagy. Therefore， studies on thyroid function， mTOR pathway and autophagy can help to understand the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases to prevent and treat the disease.

Abstract:Schizophrenia is a common mental illnesses with aspects of obstacles such as thinking， perception， emotion and behavior. The physiological pathology and etiology process is complex， and demyelinating mechanism has attracted more and more attention. Understanding the mechanism of schizophrenia demyelinating lesions is conducive to the fundamental treatment and prevention of schizophrenia. This paper is a summary of the mechanism of schizophrenia-related demyelinating lesions from the three aspects of oligodendrocytes， neurotransmitter and neuroinflammation， so as to explore the influence of demyelination on the pathological process of schizophrenia and to find the new therapeutic direction.

Abstract:Depression is a common mental disorder. Many patients do not respond to adequate sequential courses of treatment， clinically known as treatment-resistant depression. With further understanding of the mechanisms of depression， non-monoamine hypotheses offer a crucial new dimension for the development of fundamentally novel antidepressant treatments. This paper reviews a large number of studies on antidepressants based on glutamate， opioid and cholinergic systems have been carried out.

Abstract:The number of patients currently suffering from Alzheimer disease（ AD） has grown exponentially. However the pathogenesis of AD is still unknown， and the current treatment is only palliative. Some studies have found that patients with type 2 diabetes have a morbidity of AD. About three-quarters of AD patients have type 2 diabetes， suggesting that diabetes may be associated with AD. Current studies have found that there are many factors linking diabetes with AD， such as Aβ， tau protein， synaptic damage， oxidative stress， advanced glycation end products（ AGEs） production and immune system dysfunction. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of AD induced by diabetes mellitus through the above links.

Abstract:Surgery is an effective method for epilepsy. Successful epilepsy surgery is inseparable from the exact location of the epileptogenic focus， especially the lesions close to the functional area. At present， the comprehensive application of multimodality neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques to study the generation， dissemination of epileptic discharge and the location of epileptogenic focus have important implications for the evaluation， treatment and prognosis of epilepsy patients. In this paper， the application and progress of multimodal evaluation techniques in epilepsy surgery are described， and the existing problems are discussed.

Abstract:Although mild cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson disease does little effect on the basic living functions of patients， it often leads to Parkinson disease dementia， which significantly affects the quality of life and prognosis of patients. Therefore， it is of great significance to understand this disease and make early intervention. This article reviews the definition， clinical phenotype， diagnostic criteria， differential diagnosis， pathogenesis， risk factors and the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease， so as to provide references for relevant studies.

Abstract:Vascular cognitive impairment， as one of the results of disability caused by cerebrovascular disease， is second most common cause of age-related cognitive impairment and dementia. At present， there is no effective treatment for vascular dementia. Vascular mild cognitive impairment（ VaMCI）， as an early stage of vascular dementia（ VaD）， is considered to be a critical period for clinical treatment and prevention of dementia. It is also a hot topic in the study of vascular cognitive impairment. In recent years， the rapid development of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging（ rs-fMRI） and its wide application in cognitive field have enabled us to understand the changes in neural structure， function， metabolism and so on in VaMCI patients for early diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. The use of rs-fMRI for this disease and its use in conjunction with neuropsychological assessment to diagnose VaMCI will be a future trend.

Abstract:Acute ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. So far， alteplase is the only approved drug in the world to treat this disease. However， the clinical symptoms of some patients with thrombolysis have not improved， and even early neurological deterioration（ END） has occurred. END is not uncommon in clinical practice， but the definition of END does not have a unified concept. Its epidemiology， pathogenesis， and risk factors are still not fully understood. A large number of studies have shown that the occurrence of END is directly related to the poor prognosis of patients， so prevention and treatment of END is of great significance. In recent years， the problems mentioned above have been the hotspots discussed by many scholars in China and abroad. The above contents are reviewed in this paper.

Abstract:Ischemic stroke is one of the common diseases in neurology department. It can not only cause disability in the motor function of stroke survivors， but also cause different degrees and types of cognitive impairment. Post-stroke cognitive impairment（ PSCI） not only has a negligible effect on the quality of life and work ability of stroke survivors， but also is closely related to the prognosis of stroke survivors. This article will refer to relevant research in China and abroad in recent years. The following will be explained one by one： the dynamic evolution of PSCI， the relationship between post-stroke neurological function plasticity and PSCI， the relationship between demographic data and PSCI， the relationship between biochemical markers and PSCI and the relationship between imaging features after ischemic stroke and PSCI.