Abstract:Depression is a common mental disorder， and its etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown.Now there is growing evidence that depression is not only related to neurotransmitters， but also to the immune system， especially cytokines that are formed by the immune response.This article reviews the correlation between cytokines and depression and the mechanism of cytokines causing depression

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of early intervention of hyperbaric oxygen （HBO） on the behavioral changes and the levels of transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） and heme oxygenase-1 （heme oxygenase-1， HO-1） in the hippocampusin of post-traumatic stress disorder （PTSD） model rats. Methods A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups with 8 in each group： sham group， HBO group， ESPS group and ESPS + HBO group. The rats in ESPS group and ESPs + HBO group were exposed to single prolonged stress for the establishment of PTSD models. The other two groups were placed in the same experimental environment but did not receive ESPS at the same time. 24 h later， rats placed in hyperbaric oxygen chamber and exposed to 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheric absolute or atmospheric air for 1 h each day for 5 consecutive days. 7 days after the end of the intervention， rats were experienced open field test， elevated plus maze test and fear conditioning test， then sacrificed and the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot. Results （1） There was no significant difference in the total distance between the each group （P ＞ 0.05）. The exploration time ［（20.52±9.25） s］ and the number of times （15.22±4.38） in the ESPS group were significantly lower than those in the sham group ［（44.94±14.49） s and （32.77±6.22）］， while the ESPS + HBO group ［（35.49±13.04） s and （21.50±5.98）］ were significantly higher than those in the ESPS group （P＜ 0.05）. （2） Compared with time spent in open arm ［（54.47±23.23） s］， the percentage of open arm stay time （17.91±8.11） % and the number of open arm entry （10.54±3.85） of sham group， the time spent in open arm ［（26.18±8.56） s］， the percentage of open arm stay time （7.23±4.24） % and the number of open arm entry （3.10±1.96） were significantly reduced in ESPS group. In ESPS + HBO group， the time spent in open arm ［（40.77±16.66） s］， the percentage of open arm stay time （13.66±8.81） % and the number of open arm entry （6.40±1.71） were significantly higher than those in ESPs group （P＜ 0.05）. （3） The freezing time induced by environmentally ［（183.21±25.83） s］ and sound ［（202.03±47.79） s］ in ESPS group were significantly higher than those in sham group and ESPs + HBO group （P＜0.05）. （4） The relative expression level of Nrf2 （0.23±0.08） and HO-1 （0.84±0.13） in hippocampus of ESPS group was significantly lower than that of sham group and ESPs + HBO group （P ＜ 0.05）. （5） There was no significant difference between sham group and HBO group in the above parameters （P ＞ 0.05）. Conclusions Early intervention with hyperbaric oxygen may reversed anxiety behaviors and cognitive impairment in rats exposed to PTSD paradigm by regulating the expression of Nrf2/HO-1 in the hippocampus.

Abstract:Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and related risk factors of depression inpatients with a history of suicide attempts. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of all 472 patients with depressive disorder who were admitted to Depression Treatment Center in Beijing Anding Hospital between December 2013 and November 2016. According to the history of suicide attempt， all patients were divided into two groups： the group with history of suicide attempt and the group without history of suicide attempt. The demographic data， disease characteristics， therapeutic drugs and laboratory parameters of patients with and without a history of suicide attempts were compared. The relevant data were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression. Results There were 120 cases in the group with a history of suicide attempts， 352 cases in the group without a history of suicide attempts. Compared with the non-suicide attempt group， the characteristics of suicide attempt group were more in female ［68.33%（82/120） vs. 57.39%（202/352）， χ2 =4.48，P ＜ 0.05］， earlier onset age ［34.00（24.25,44.00） vs. 38.00（27.00，49.00)，Z=-2.01，P ＜ 0.05］， longer duration ［6.50 （1.00，15.00） vs. 3.00（0.58，10.00）， Z=-3.07，P＜ 0.01］， and more episodes ［2.00（2.00，3.75） vs. 2.00（1.00， 3.00），Z=-3.01，P ＜ 0.01］. Multiple regression analysis showed that female （OR=1.64， 95%CI：1.05-2.56， P＜ 0.05） and long duration （OR=1.04， 95%CI： 1.01-1.07，P＜ 0.05） were the risk factors for suicide attempts. Conclusions Female， long duration of disease and multiple episodes are the risk factors of suicide attempts in depression patients. Further researches are needed for the prevention and intervention of suicidal attempts in patients with depression

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of ginkgolide K on vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） expression and cerebral angiogenesis in mice with cerebral ischemia via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Methods A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups with 8 mice in each group： control group， MCAO group， GK-L group （3.5 mg/kg）， GK-M group （7 mg/kg） and GK-H group （14 mg/kg）, with 8 cases in each. MCAO rat models and oxygen glucose deprivation （OGD） in vitro models were established.The modified Neurological Severity Score （mNSS） was utilized to detect neurological deficits in mice. TTC staining was utilized to detect cerebral ischemic area of mice； immunofluorescence staining was utilized to detect cortical angiogenesis and astrocyte coverage in the peri-infarct cortex of ischemic mice. Hcmec / D3 cells were cultured and divided into control group， OGD group， OGD + CK group， OGD + LY group （LY as PI3K Signal pathway inhibitor） and OGD + GK + LY group. Endothelial cell activity was detected by CCK-8. Western blot was used to detected the protein expression of HIF-1α， VEGF and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathwayrelated gene in endothelial cell； cell scratch test was used to detect the migration ability of endothelial cell； angiogenesis test was used to detect tube formation ability of endothelial cell. Results Compared with MCAO group ［（5.37±1.25）， （11.99±1.72）%］， the mNSS scores ［respectively （3.37±1.32）， （2.23±0.38）］and the area of cerebral ischemia ［（4.75±0.89）%， （2.42±0.42）%］of mice in GK-M group and GK-H group were significantly reduced （all P ＜ 0.05）. Compared with the number of EdU+/CD31+cells， the number of EdU +/ GFAP+cells and the astrocyte coverage of MCAO group ［（3.33±0.58）， （4.33±1.53）， （69.20±5.60）%］， GK Mouse EdU+/CD31+cell count ［（13.67±2.08），t=3.576］， EdU+/GFAP+cell count ［（8.33±1.53）， t=6.008］， and astrocyte coverage ［（82.26±7.77）%］increased significantly （P＜ 0.05）. Compared with the control group （100.31±3.01）%， the cell viability （52.37±9.06）% of the OGD group was significantly reduced （F=19.914， P＜ 0.05）， HIF-1α （0.17±0.02） and VEGF protein expression （0.18±0.03）， Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels ［（0.28±0.06， 0.38±0.05）］ were significantly increased （P ＜ 0.05）； Compared with OGD group （0.28±0.06）， OGD+GK group cells HIF-1α （0.22±0.03） and VEGF protein expression （0.23±0.03）， Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels ［（0.48±0.09），（0.52±0.05）］， cell viability ［（61.07±3.48）%］， mobility ［（85.26±11.03）%］ and the number of tubular structures ［（81.97±5.79）%］ were significantly increased （P ＜ 0.05）. The OGD+LY group showed the opposite change； PI3K signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002 could reverse the effect of GK on OGD cells. Conclusions Ginkgolide K up-regulates the expression of VEGF through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to promote cerebral angiogenesis and improve ischemic stroke in mice.

Abstract:Objective To discuss the influencing factors of medication adherence in patients with depression. Methods Patients with mild to moderate depression （n=102） were selected from the clinical data of mental disorders and the biological samples bank in Beijing Anding Hospital. According to the drug compliance， they were divided into two groups： the group with good compliance （n=40） and the group with poor compliance （n=62）. The influencing factors of drug compliance were explored by analyzing and comparing the differences between the two groups in age， gender， years of education， place of residence， marital status， living situation， family relationship， family economic status， frequency of attack， certain doctors and disease severity. Results According to the single factor analysis， there were significant differences between the group with good compliance and the group with poor compliance in terms of education years， living conditions， family relations， family economic status， attack frequency and fixed doctors （test value=8.516， 6.030， 6.706， 5.192， 5.170， 4.809， P＜ 0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that the above items in both groups were related to the compliance of patients with medication （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The patients with disharmonious family relationship， living alone， poor family economic status， frequent attacks， unstable doctors and low education level have lower drug compliance

Abstract:Objective To analyze the relationship between personality characteristics and parenting styles， self-defense styles in patients with depressive disorders. Methods A total of 60 patients with depressive disorders who were admitted to Dongfang People's Hospital of Xuzhou from August 2016 to July 2019 were selected as the research subjects， and 60 healthy volunteers were selected as controls. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory （MMPI）， Egna minnen av bamdoms uoofostran （EMBU） and Defense Style Questionnaire （DSQ） were used to analyze the relationship between personality characteristics and parenting styles， self-defense styles of patients with depressive disorders. Results The hypochondriasis， depression， hysteria， psychopathy， paranoia and athopia scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group in MMPI （t=12.949，15.893，20.349，7.188，6.863，5.391；P＜ 0.05）. In EMBU， the scores of parents' emotional warmth and understanding of the observation group were lower than those of the control group （t=3.126， 3.096，P ＜ 0.05）， while the scores of parental punishment andstrictness， rejection and denial， father's excessive protection， mother's excessive interference and protection were all higher than those of the control group （t=3.256，3.661，4.622，3.744，4.225，2.832；P ＜ 0.05）. In DSQ， the immature defense mechanism score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group （t=4.938， P＜ 0.05）， while the mature defense mechanism score was lower than that of the control group （t=3.423，P＜ 0.05）. Depression， psychopathy and athopia of patients with depressive disorders were positively correlated with scores of parental punishment and strictness， rejection and denial， father's excessive protection， and mother's excessive interference and protection （r=0.304-0.348，P＜ 0.05）. Hypochondriasis and depression were negatively correlated with scores of parental emotional warmth and understanding （r=-0.322- -0.344，P ＜ 0.05）. Depression， psychopathy， paranoiaand athopia were positively correlated with the immature defense mechanism score （r=0.303- 0.334，P ＜ 0.05）. Hypochondriasis， depression and hysteria were negatively correlated with themature defense mechanism score （r=-0.305- -0.309，P ＜ 0.05）. The scores of parental punishment and strictness， rejection and denial， father's excessive protection， and mother's excessive interference and protection were positively correlated with the immature defense mechanism （r=0.393-0.418，P ＜ 0.05）， and were negatively correlated with the mature defense mechanism （r=-0.385- -0.407，P ＜ 0.05）. Parental emotional warmth and understanding were negatively correlated with the immature defense mechanism （r=-0.404，-0.416，P＜ 0.05）， and were positively correlated with mature defense mechanism （r=0.412，0.422，P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The personality characteristics of patients with depressive disorders are related to their parenting styles （parental emotional warmth and understanding， punishment and strictness， rejection and denial， father's excessive protection， and mother's excessive interference and protection） and self-defense styles （immature defense mechanism）.

Abstract:Objective To assess the prevalence of migraine in the medical students， and to explore the risk factors for migraine. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of undergraduates in the School of Medicine， Hebei North University， from April to May 2019. The ID Migraine TM quick screening tool was used to evaluate medical students migraine symptoms. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale （PSQI） was used to evaluate participants' sleep quality. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for migraine. Results Totals of 1 365 effective questionnaires were recovered， with an effective recovery rate of 92.4% （1 365/1 477）. The overall incidence of migraine was 10.8% （147/1 365）， significantly higher in women than in men （13.1% vs 7.8%， χ2 =12.07，P=0.001）. The results of univariate analysis showed that women with migraine （χ2 =12.07，P=0.001）， family history of migraine （χ2 =62.58，P ＜ 0.01） and poor sleep quality （χ2 =9.29，P=0.002） were significantly higher than those without migraine. The prevalence of migraine was different among medical students in different grades （χ2 =12.59，P=0.013）， the highest in grade four （14.2%，38/268）， the second in grade five （13.6%，31/228）， and the lowest in grade three （7.0%，20/287）. Multivariate analysis showed that female （OR=1.78，95%CI： 1.33-2.38）， family history of migraine （OR=3.31， 95%CI： 1.89-5.77）， and poor sleep quality （OR=1.94， 95%CI： 1.57-2.38） were positively associated with migraine. Senior medical students （fourth grade： OR=2.18， 95%CI： 1.54-3.09; fifth grade： OR=1.87， 95%CI： 1.39-2.52） were at higher risk for migraine. Conclusions This study found that female， higher grade， family history of migraine and poor sleep quality were risk factors for migraine in medical students， which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of migraine in Chinese medical students in the future.

Abstract:Alcohol use can cause a variety of physical diseases and mental disorders. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 （ALDH2） is associated with a high prevalence of alcohol-related diseases. This review explores the research progress of ALDH2 gene polymorphism and alcohol-induced physical diseases and mental disorders

Abstract:cAMP-responsive element binding protein （CREB） is an important nuclear transcriptional factor， which is involved in a variety of signal pathways. Abnormal expression of CREB may be involved in cognitive disorders. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction， vascular dementia and epilepsy are three typical cognitive impairment related diseases. This review summarizes the role of CREB and its signal pathway in these three diseases.

Abstract:The degree of job burnout of psychiatric medical staff is closely related to professional quality， working attitude and medical behavior， which directly affects the development of mental health work. This paper reviews the research on job burnout of psychiatric medical staff in China and abroad in recent 10 years. It is shown that the overall situation of job burnout in psychiatric medical staff is not optimistic. Most of the studies focus on the influence of different demographic factors and organizational factors on job burnout. In the future， a targeted survey scale can be developed to study specific strategies and outcomes for reducing job burnout.

Abstract:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a common and fatal neurodegenerative diseases， which can be divided into familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Several studies have shown that a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The research on genetic factors is in the initial stage in China， and the research on environmental factors is relatively insufficient， which needs to be further clarified. The role and mechanism of environmental risk factors associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are reviewed.

Abstract:Adolescents are a group with high incidence of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Relevant research shows that the motivation of adolescents to commit non-suicidal self-injury behavior has a great influence on self-injury behavior. This article reviews the research progress of adolescents' self-injury behavior motivation from three aspects： emotion regulation， interpersonal influence and self-reinforcement， hoping to provide reference for intervention and treatment of adolescents' self-injury behavior

Abstract:Activated platelets accumulate on ruptured atherosclerotic plaque ulcers， leading to thrombosis. Aspirin is one of the most commonly used antiplatelet aggregation drugs in practice. However， some patients cannot effectively inhibit platelet aggregation after taking aspirin， resulting in aspirin resistance and leading to the recurrence of thrombus events. With the rapid development of molecular biology technology and the human genome project， increasing studies have confirmed that genetic factors play an essential role in thrombus events. Genetic variations can affect platelet function， lead to increased platelet activity， and affect residual platelet aggregation after aspirin treatment. This review provides a further understanding of the genetic factors of aspirin resistance by reviewing domestic and international studies on the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in aspirin resistance.

Abstract:Schizophrenia is a complex mental illness， manifested abnormal in thinking， emotion， cognition， behavior and other aspects. Endocannabinoid system is an endogenous biological signaling system which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This article reviews the changes of endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia.

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