Abstract:Cohort study is an observational method commonly used in epidemiology and has a high level of evidence-based medicine. Schizophrenia， as a complex disease influenced by interaction between genetic and environmental， is suitable for cohort studies. Cohort studies have played an important role in exploring interactions between genetics and environment， turnover， outcome comparison， and major susceptible population of schizophrenia. With the development of information technology and precision medicine， the establishment of large population-based cohorts have become the development trend of cohort studies in schizophrenia. This paper reviews recent advances and development prospects of cohort studies in schizophrenia.

Abstract:Objective To compare the characteristics of cognitive function and its correlation with auditory hallucination in schizophrenic patients with or without auditory hallucination. Methods From May 2013 to March 2019， 42 schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucination（ auditory hallucination group）， 26 schizophrenic patients without auditory hallucination（ non-auditory hallucination group） admitted to the mental health center of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University， and 82 healthy controls from healthy Wuhan area in the same period were recruited as the research subjects. All schizophrenic patients were scored by positive and negative symptom scale. The Digital Symbol Test（ DST）， Digital Span Test（ DSPT）， and Verbal Fluency Test（ VFT） were used to evaluate cognitive function of the three groups. Results The auditory hallucination group and the non-auditory hallucination group were matched on age， gender， education， course of disease， PANSS scores and other clinical symptoms（ except for P3 hallucination score）. Compared with the control group［ DST（ 69.12±9.84）； DSPT（ forward）（ 9.00±1.02），（ backward）（ 6.13±1.51）； VFT（ 21.90±4.32）］， the auditory hallucination group［ DST（ 41.17±8.00）； DSPT（ forward）（ 7.26±1.36），（ backward）（ 4.24±0.96）；VFT （13.26±2.36）］ and the non-auditory hallucination group［ DST（ 48.65±13.82）； DSPT（ forward）（ 7.54±1.48）， （backward）（4.46±1.61）； VFT（ 16.11±5.29）］ showed significant decrease in cognitive scores（ F=28.65，13.18， 15.05，32.26；P＜ 0.05）. The DST score of the auditory hallucination group was not lower than that of the nonauditory hallucination group（ t=-2.83，P＜0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that DST score of schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucination was negatively correlated with Hoffman auditory hallucination score（ r= -0.34，P=0.03）. Conclusions Schizophrenic patients with or without auditory hallucination all have extensive cognitive function. Schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucination have more severe impairment in attention and executive ability， which are closely related to auditory hallucination symptoms.

Abstract:Objective To compare the difference in heart rate variability（ HRV） between patients with recurrent depression and long-term hospitalized schizophrenia. Methods From January 2014 to January 2019， a total of 120 patients with multiple episodes of depression or long-term hospitalization with schizophrenia who were hospitalized in the Department of Psychiatry， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Mental Health Center were enrolled retrospectively. The age and gender were matched between the two groups. HRV tests were carried out on the two groups of patients by means of 24-hour Holter recorder and the heart rate variability analysis software. The HRV related indicators RR interval standard deviation（ SDNN）， root mean square of the difference between adjacent RR intervals（ rMSSD）， the percentage of the difference between adjacent RR intervals ＞ 50 ms（ PNN50）， low frequency power（ LF）， high frequency power（ HF）， LF and HF The results of the ratio（ LF/HF） were compared between groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the number of hospitalizations and various indicators of HRV. Results The time domain index SDNN in the recurrent depression group was higher than that in the long-term hospitalized schizophrenia group［121.0（95.0，158.0）vs 111.0（87.0，144.0）ms，t=2.214］， and rMSSD and PNN50 were lower than those in the long-term hospitalized schizophrenia group［22.0（13.0，46.0）vs 20.0（12.0，28.0）ms， t=3.832；3.0（0，13.0）% vs 2.0（0，7.0）%，t=2.571］. The differences were statistically significant（ all P＜0.05）. There was no statistical significance in the difference of frequency domain indexes（ all P＞0.05）. The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that the number of hospitalizations in patients with recurrent depression was related to rMSSD（ r=0.270，P=0.003）， PNN50（ r=0.263，P=0.004）， and HF（ r=0.246，P=0.015）. The number of hospitalizations of patients with schizophrenia was not correlated with the analysis indicators of HRV （all P＞ 0.05）. Conclusions The autonomic dysfunction of patients with recurrent depression is more serious than that of patients with long-term hospitalized schizophrenia. The number of hospitalizations of patients with recurrent depression affects the HRV time domain indexes.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between ABCB1 gene polymorphism and the changes of body weight， blood glucose and blood lipids after olanzapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A total of 72 patients with schizophrenia were prospectively enrolled in the study group from July 2017 to December 2018， who were treated with olanzapine alone. The rs1045642 and rs2032582 polymorphisms of ABCB1 gene were genotyped by Taqman probe genotyping technique. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used to compare the changes of body weight， blood glucose， total cholesterol， triglyceride， high density lipoprotein（ HDL） and low density lipoprotein between different genotypes of ABCB1 gene rs1045642 and rs2032582 at baseline and 8 weeks after treatment. Results （1） Repeated measurement analysis of variance results showed that CC genotype of rs1045642 locus had significant difference in weight gain and decrease of fasting blood glucose before and after treatment， which was statistically significant［ （62.76±9.42）kg vs（ 58.95±12.03）kg， t=10.040， P ＜ 0.05；（ 5.08±1.28）mmol/L vs（ 6.33±2.38） mmol/L， t=7.268， P ＜ 0.05］， but differences in CT and TT genotypes before and after treatment（ All P＞0.05） were not statistically significant. After treatment， the HDL of CC and TT genotypes of rs1045642 decreased compared with those at baseline［ 1.12±0.30） mmol/L vs（ 1.31±0.57） mmol/L， t=6.530， P＜ 0.05；（ 1.36±0.23） mmol/L vs（ 1.54± 0.19） mmol/L， t=10.161， P ＜ 0.05］， which were both statistically significant. However， differences between before and after CT genotype treatment（ P ＞ 0.05） were not statistically significant.（ 2） Single effect analysis showed that compare with baseline GG and TT genotypes of rs2032582 locus both had weight gain after treatment ［（62.57±0.61）kg vs（ 59.23±12.20）kg， t=6.159， P ＜ 0.05；（ 60.19±6.93）kg vs（ 57.31±8.97）kg， t=5.188， P＜ 0.05］， which were statistically significant. But differences in GT genotypes before and after treatment were not statistically significant（ P＞0.05）. Compare with baseline， blood glucose and HDL in GG genotypes decreased after treatment［ （5.19±1.39）mmol/L vs（ 6.44±2.56）mmol/L， t=5.220， P ＜ 0.05；（1.18±0.30）mmol/L vs（ 1.36±0.58）mmol/L， t=5.576， P ＜ 0.05］， which were statistically significant. But those of GT and TT genotypes were not statistically significant before and after treatment（ all P ＞ 0.05）. Conclusions ABCB1 gene polymorphism may be associated with weight gain and abnormal blood lipid metabolism after olanzapine treatment.

Abstract:Schizophrenia is a severe mental disease with unknown etiology. Most patients are accompanied by severe cognitive disorders. Many studies have shown that apparent regulatory mechanisms play important roles in the process of cognitive function changes， among which histone deacetylase 2（ HDAC2） can affect synaptic plasticity and play a key role in the control of neuronal formation. Studies in mice with schizophrenia have shown that upregulation of HDAC2 expression may have negative effects on cognitive function. Therefore， the study on the mechanism of action of HDAC2 and its correlation with cognitive disorders in schizophrenia is conducive to providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of the disease.

Abstract:Schizophrenia is a complex and serious mental disease， and its true pathogenesis is not yet clear. The inflammation hypothesis indicates that the neuroinflammation caused by the immune disorder of the human body is related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In recent years， macrophage migration inhibitory factor（ MIF） is a cytokine with a wide range of immunomodulatory properties. It has been widely studied in various diseases. There is evidence that MIF is associated with schizophrenia. However， its main mechanism is unknown. This paper mainly describes the research progress of MIF in schizophrenia.

Abstract:Schizophrenia is a major crippling disease. Its incidence is usually related to environmental factors. As a common environmental factor， the impact of childhood trauma on schizophrenia has not yet been fully clarified. This paper mainly reviews the research progress of childhood trauma on schizophrenia， including etiology， brain structure and function， symptomatology， and so on. The impact of childhood trauma on schizophrenia was interpreted from different directions.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between different lesion sites of single small subcortical infarction（ SSSI） and early neurological deterioration. Methods A total of 122 patients with SSSI admitted to the Department of Neurology of Zhongguancun Hospital of Beijing from June 2017 to June 2019 were enrolled retrospectively， and divided into proximal SSSI group（ n=52） and distal SSSI group（ n=70） according to the lesion sites. The clinical and laboratory data， imaging features， incidence of early neurological deterioration and prognosis were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of distal SSSI. Results Compared with the proximal group， the incidence of early neurological deterioration in the distal infarction group was higher［ 14.3（10/70） vs 0，χ2=8.092， P=0.005］， as well as diastolic blood pressure［ （94.14±17.29） mmHg（ 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）vs（ 88.35±13.16） mmHg， t=-2.201， P=0.046］， diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg［ 40.0%（ 28/70） vs 19.2%（ 10/52）， χ2=6.001，P=0.018］， triglycerol［ （1.79±1.06） mmol/L vs（ 1.39±0.78） mmol/L，t=-2.310，P=0.023］， and unstable plaque［ 68.6%（ 48/70） vs 53.8%（ 28/52），χ2=4.695，P=0.049］. All the differences were statistically significant. Unstable plaque（ OR=3.345，95%CI：1.123-9.965，P=0.030） and LDL（ OR=2.954，95%CI：1.492- 5.848，P=0.002） are independent risk factors for distal infarction. Conclusions The infarction site， clinical features and early neurological deterioration rate of SSSI patients are different. The control of hypertension， lipid metabolism disorder and the improvement of atherosclerosis by stabilizing plaque can effectively prevent the distal SSSI.

Abstract:Objective To explore the changes of serum homocysteine（ Hcy）， brain-derived neurotrophic factor（ BDNF） and neuregulin-1（ NRG-1）， and their relationship with cognitive impairment in elderly depression patients. Methods A total of 116 elderly patients with depression who were treated in Xuzhou Oriental People's Hospital from January 2016 to June 2019 were enrolled as the observation group. According to scoring results of Mini-Mental State Examination（ MMSE）， 57 patients with cognitive impairment and 59 patients without cognitive impairment in the observation group were enrolled as cognitive impairment group and cognitive non-impairment group. A total of 100 healthy people in the same period were enrolled as control group. The changes of serum Hcy， BDNF NRG-1 were compared among all groups， so as to explore the relationship between their changes and cognitive impairment. Results Hcy of cognitive impairment group was （29.49±6.36） μmol/L， which was higher than（ 10.47±3.31） μmol/L of control group and（ 15.58±4.27） μmol/L of cognitive non-impairment group. BDNF of cognitive impairment group was（ 6.57±1.58） μg/L， which was lower than（ 18.26±4.73） μg/L of control group and（ 13.24±3.45） μg/L of cognitive non-impairment group. The level of NRG-1 of cognitive impairment group was（ 11.25±4.12） pg/ml， which was lower than（ 32.50±7.14） pg/ml of control group and（ 23.38±5.26） pg/ml of cognitive non-impairment group. MMSE score of cognitive impairment group was（ 21.36±1.05）， which was lower than（ 28.01±0.94） of control group and（ 27.93±0.71） of cognitive non-impairment group. Compared with the control group， Hcy increased， while BDNF and NRG-1 levels decreased in cognitive non-impairment group（ P ＜ 0.05）. MMSE score was negatively correlated with serum Hcy， and positively correlated with BDNF and NRG-1 levels in the observation group（ r=-0.790，0.778，0.777； P ＜ 0.05）. When predicting cognitive impairment in elderly patients with depression， AUC of Hcy combined with BDNF and NRG-1 had a greatest value 0.884， which was better than each of them alone（ P ＜ 0.05）. Univariate analysis showed that Hcy level and the number of patients living alone in cognitive impairment group were higher than those in cognitive non-impairment group， while levels of BDNF and NRG-1 were lower than those in cognitive non-impairment group（ P＜ 0.05）. Multivariate analysis showed that Hcy（ OR=3.688）， BDNF（ OR=2.575）， NRG-1 （OR=3.019） and living alone（ OR=1.388） were independent risk factors of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with depression（ P＜0.05）. Conclusions The serum Hcy in elderly depression patients with cognitive impairment is higher than that in healthy people and those without cognitive impairment， while levels of BDNF and NRG-1 are lower. Clinical detection of serum Hcy， BDNF and NRG-1 levels in elderly patients with depression can effectively predict the possibility of cognitive impairment， so as to conduct early prevention and improve their quality of life.

Abstract:Emotion regulation is closely related to a variety of mental and psychological disorders， and this relationship is influenced by cultural factors. This paper summarizes and compares the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and mental disorders in eastern and western cultures. In western culture， adaptive strategies are often found to be negatively correlated with multiple mental disorders， while maladaptive strategies are positively correlated with multiple mental disorders. However， studies of people with Eastern origins showed partially different results. They are mainly reflected in the expression of inhibition and rumination strategies which are regarded as "unadaptable" in western culture. There is no clear correlation between the two and mental disorders. This paper discusses the similarities and differences in the relationship of emotion regulation strategies and mental disorders from the perspective of cultural differences between the East and the West， summarizes the differences between the four perspectives， including beliefs of emotion regulation， interpersonal relationship， expression form， and thinking mode， and puts forward the future research direction on this basis， so as to provide new ideas for cross-cultural research on the relationship between emotional regulation and mental disorders.

Abstract:Bipolar disorder is a severe and highly crippling mental disorder with a high suicide rate. In recent years， many studies have shown that gene methylation is associated with suicidal ideation in patients with bipolar disorder. In this paper， the recent studies on the relationship between suicidal ideation and gene methylation in patients with bipolar disorder were summarized.

Abstract:Insomnia is a kind of mental disease with high incidence， which seriously affects people's daily life and mood. In recent years， with the development of research on neuropeptide Y and substance P， some scholars have found that they have a certain relationship to insomnia. In this paper， domestic and global research progress of the relationship between insomnia and the level of neuropeptide Y and substance P is reviewed.

Abstract:Right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy is to place electrodes in the temporal parietal lobe to give patients electrical stimulation， which is a mode of electroconvulsive therapy with significant curative effect and mild adverse reactions. This paper reviews the setting， mechanism， curative effect and adverse reactions of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

Abstract:Quantitative electroencephalography（ QEEG） is a noninvasive real-time brain function monitoring method， which has been commonly used in clinical practice in recent years. The changes in neurophysiological conduction caused by damage to the neural network after cerebrovascular disease can be recorded by cortical electroencephalogram， then its regularity can be summarized. Combined with quantitative processing by computer， it can provide objective basis for the development and prognosis of stroke， as well as the evaluation of post-stroke depression and cognitive dysfunction. This article reviews the characteristics and clinical application of QEEG in stroke and post-stroke related diseases

Abstract:Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio（ UACR）， as a sensitive and reliable indicator for the diagnosis of early renal diseases， can reflect the systemic vascular endothelial dysfunction. It has been found that UACR level plays an important role in the occurrence， development and prognosis of atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke. There is some controversy on relationship between UACR level and ischemic stroke， though many scholars had conducted numerous studies in the last ten years. This paper reviews the relationship between UACR level and the risk and prognosis of ischemic stroke， in order to provide reference for improving clinical management of UACR level in patients with early renal disease.

Abstract: