Abstract:Objective To explore the reliability and validity of Chinese version of the Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms（ SNS）， so as to provide an effective and practical new tool for the assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Methods Totally 120 inpatients with schizophrenia meeting the diagnosis criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， Fourth Education（ DSM-Ⅳ） were recruited and tested with MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery（ MCCB）. 79 patients with relatively good cognitive function（ total score ≥ 40） were evaluated by SNS， Brief Negative Symptom Scale（ BNSS）， Positive and Negative Symptom Assessment Scale（ PANSS） and Calgary Depression Scale（ CDSS）， to evaluate the construct validity， relevance validity and internal consistency reliability of the scale. 30 inpatients of them were randomly selected and retested after 2 weeks. Results The exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor（ impairment of subjective experience and impairment of observable behavior） solution that accounted for 72.56% of the variance. Validity analysis showed that the total score of SNS was positively correlated with BNSS， PANSS negative symptoms and PANSS（ r=0.36，0.26，0.30，P ＜ 0.05）， and each dimension score was positively correlated with BNSS total score（ r=0.25-0.37， all P＜0.05）. The Cronbach's alpha for the SNS total score was 0.88 and for 5 subscales were between 0.58-0.76. The test-retest reliability coefficient for the SNS total score was 0.79（ P＜0.001） and for 5 subscales were between 0.34-0.82（ P＜ 0.01）. Conclusions The Chinese version of the SNS has good psychometric characteristics and can be used to quantitatively evaluate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia patients with certain cognitive function.

Abstract:Objective To explore the clinical curative effect of sandplay therapy for autism spectrum disorder. Methods The randomized controlled trials（ RCTs） from Pubmed， Web of Science， Embase， Cochrane Library， PsycINFO， ScienceDirect， ProQuest， Google Scholar， CNKI， Wanfang database， VIP and Chinese Biomedical Database were searched from the inception to May 5， 2020. Two researchers independently performed literature search， data extraction， quality evaluation and risk assessment based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Review manager 5.3 software was used to analyze the data of the included articles. Results A total of 11 randomized controlled trials were enrolled， including 853 patients. The result showed that sandplay therapy can decrease score of Autism Behavior Checklist（ ABC）（ MD=-10.06，95%CI=-12.35--7.77，P＜0.01）， decrease the score of Childhood Autism Rating Scale（ CARS）（ MD=-4.67，95%CI=-7.58--1.76，P=0.002）， decrease the score of Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist（ ATEC）（ MD=-16.36，95%CI=-20.22- -12.50，P＜ 0.01）， and increase the score of Psycho-educational Profile 3（ PEP-3）（ MD=11.65，95%CI=7.89-15.42，P ＜ 0.01）. Conclusions The sandplay therapy has clinical efficacy in improving patients' psychological status， speech socialization and sensory cognition.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia on executive function of brain. Methods Oxygenblocking masks were used to simulate the oxygen state at an altitude of 5 000 meters. From January 2019 to April 2020， 40 military accompanying volunteers from the 958 Hospital of PLA were included in the study. Computer neuropsychological tests were conducted before and after hypoxia to evaluate cognitive and executive functions （including global neurocognitive index， compound memory， verbal memory， visual memory， psychomotor speed， reaction time， compound attention， cognitive flexibility， processing speed， executive function， simple attention and fine motor speed， and so on）. Each central nervous system test includes seven parts： word memory， visual picture memory， finger continuous tapping， digit symbol coding， Stroop test， continuous performance and shift attention test. The Go / NoGo paradigm task functional magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） data was used. Local consistency analysis method was used to analyze the differences of brain executive function between normoxia and hypoxia. Results Under hypoxic conditions， the scores of neurocognitive domain were significantly lower than those under normoxic condition， including overall neurocognitive index ［（95.54±6.59） vs（ 100.75±7.08）］， complex memory［ （92.15±10.23） vs（ 98.35±8.16）］， verbal memory ［（92.56±9.51） vs（ 99.46±6.42）］， psychomotor speed［ （109.63±6.64） vs（ 119.36±16.78）］， reaction time ［（89.87±9.09） vs（ 98.63±6.37）］， processing speed［ （112.67±14.35） vs（ 131.78±14.53）］， executive function ［（106.43±11.75） vs（ 115.33±10.82）］. The differences were statistically significant（ all P ＜ 0.05）. The response accuracy rate of Go/NoGo task under hypoxic condition was lower than that under normoxic condition ［（83.85±7.74）% vs（ 89.9±6.01）%， t=-4.27，P ＜ 0.01］， and the reaction time of keys was increased ［（1 049.28±171.28） ms vs（ 957.08±178.14） ms； t=2.32，P=0.025］. The local consistency values of left inferior temporal gyrus（ 0.516±0.045）， middle temporal gyrus（ 0.534±0.064）， parahippocampal gyrus（ 0.519±0.046） and right inferior temporal gyrus（ 0.549±0.056） were higher than those under normoxic condition； The local consistency values of left superior temporal gyrus（ 0.411±0.048）， inferior frontal gyrus（ 0.478±0.049）， angular gyrus（ 0.503±0.063）， superior parietal lobule（ 0.512±0.070）， right fusiform gyrus（ 0.461±0.044）， superior temporal gyrus（ 0.455±0.046）， and anterior cingulate gyrus（ 0.494±0.049） were lower than those under normoxic condition. The differences were statistically significant（ all P＜0.05）. Conclusions Hypoxia affects the function of multiple brain regions， which are related to executive control， resulting in decrease of brain tasks performance.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism（ PTE） after operation； and explore the application value of PTE risk prediction score（ Wells score， Geneva score） combined with Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria（ PERC） score in postoperative patients with neurologic tumors. Methods The clinical data of 56 patients with PTE after operation of neurologic tumors were retrospectively analyzed in Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University from June 2016 to June 2019. Their clinical characteristics， risk factors， and laboratory examinations were analyzed， retrospectively. The general information of patients， such as medical record number， gender， age， height， body weight， smoking history， drinking history， previous venous thromboembolism history， previous basic disease history and tumor pathological diagnosis， as well as clinical features and auxiliary examinations， including clinical symptoms， signs， perioperative clinical information， imaging examination（ CTPA）， venous thrombosis risk factors， as well as treatment and prognosis， The Karnofsky（ KPS） scores at admission， discharge and diagnosis of PTE were evaluated. The Wells score and Geneva score were calculated as high， medium and low， and PERC score was evaluated. The value of Wells score， Geneva score and PERC score in the diagnosis of PTE after operation of neurologic tumors was analyzed. Results There were 35 males and 21 females among the 56 patients， with an average age of（ 46.23±18.12） years. The common symptoms were dyspnea and disturbance of consciousness， accounting for 73.21%（ 41/56） and 35.71%（ 20/56）， respectively. The common signs of shortness of breath， tachycardia and deep venous thrombosis（ DVT） accounted for 66.07%（ 37/56）， 46.43%（ 26/56） and 53.57%（ 30/56）， respectively. PTE occurred 9.00（ 4.75，14.00） days after operation. The average preoperative fasting time was（ 9.50±2.82） hours. The average time span from the beginning of anesthesia to extubation consciously is（ 683.2±295.5） min. Pathological results showed malignant tumor in 20 cases， accounting for 35.71%， and 36 benign tumors， accounting for 64.29%. According to the tumor location， there were 26 cases （46.43%） of sellar tumors， 21 cases（ 37.50%） of supratentorial tumors， 7 cases of skull base tumors（ 12.50%）， and 2 cases of spinal cord tumors（ 3.57%）. Among them， 55 patients underwent anticoagulation therapy alone， and 1 patient underwent vena cava filter placement + anticoagulation therapy； 4 patients（ 7.14%） died in the hospital. All patients had an average Wells score of（ 7.19±1.70） and a Geneva score of（ 7.44±1.85）， all of which belonged to the middle and high risk groups. The average PERC score was（ 4.18±1.20）， recognized as positive cases. Conclusions The underlying cause of acute PTE after neurological tumor surgery is complicated， and the clinical manifestations are not specific. PTE risk prediction score（ Wells score， Geneva score） combined with PERC score and auxiliary laboratory tests are helpful for early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

Abstract:Objective To analyze and compare the short-term effect of neuroendoscopic surgery and craniotomy in the treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Methods From April 2019 to January 2020， 40 patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of Daxing District People's Hospital of Beijing were retrospectively enrolled. All patients were confirmed as supratentorial hematoma by CT. According to different surgical methods， 40 patients were divided into neuroendoscopic group （16 cases） and craniotomy group（ 24 cases）. The effects of the two treatment methods were evaluate by comparing the baseline data of the two groups of patients［ gender， age， hematoma volume， bleeding site， preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale（ GCS） score， time from onset to surgical treatment， etc.］， surgery-related indicators （operating time， intraoperative blood loss， Hematoma clearance rate， postoperative complications） and the ability of daily living score（ Barthel index） before treatment and at discharge. Results Among the 40 patients， 32 were hematomas in the basal ganglia， 4 were subcortical hematomas， and 4 were thalamic hemorrhages. There was no significant difference in gender， bleeding site， age， hematoma volume， preoperative GCS score，and time from onset to treatment between the two groups（ all P＞0.05）. The operation time in neuroendoscopy group was significantly less than that in craniotomy group［ 2（1，3） h vs 3（3，4） h；Z=76.5，P ＜ 0.01］. The intraoperative blood loss in neuroendoscopy group was significantly less than that in craniotomy group［ 100.00 （62.5，137.5） ml vs 500（300，600） ml；Z=33.0，P＜ 0.01］， and the differences were statistically significant. The hematoma clearance rate in neuroendoscopy group was significantly higher than that in craniotomy group［ 83.84 （75.54， 88.89）% vs 58.91（ 15.27，84.23）%；Z=21.0，P=0.02］. The difference of Barthel index score between preoperative and discharge in neuroendoscopy group was significantly higher than that in craniotomy group ［35.0（30.0，35.0） vs 25.0（20.0，30.0）；Z=23.0，P=0.03］. The GCS score at discharge in neuroendoscopy group was significantly higher than that in craniotomy group［ 15.0（7.0，15.0） vs 8.5（5.0，12.0）；Z=42.0，P=0.02］， with statistical significance. The incidence of postoperative pneumonia in craniotomy group was significantly higher than that in neuroendoscopy group（ 9/24 vs 1/16，χ2=5.00，P=0.03）. Conclusions Neuroendoscopic hematoma removal is better than craniotomy hematoma removal in improving the short-term prognosis of patients， and it can be tried for surgical treatment of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.

Abstract:Transcranial magnetic stimulation（ TMS） is a widely used noninvasive clinical treatment for depression in psychiatry， neurology and psychology， by regulating the electrophysiological activities of brain nerves. Although it has been reported that transcranial magnetic stimulation has therapeutic effect on depression， its mechanism is still not clear. In this paper， recent researches have been summarized to show the mechanism of TMS on depression from four symptom aspects， including emotional symptoms， cognitive disorders， sleep disorders and appetite disorders.

Abstract:Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of cognitive impairment-Alzheimer disease （AD）， while estrogen therapy has showed contribution to the improvement of cognitive function impairment. Estrogen has significant neuroprotective effects. This article reviews how the estrogen affects cognition and more serious cognitive deficits， such as AD.

Abstract:The pathological mechanism of schizophrenia remain unclear. More than 30% of schizophrenic patients become treatment refractory schizophrenia due to poor curative effect， even after adequate and effective treatment. It results in significant disease burden. This article reviews the current treatment， neuropathological mechanism， potential therapeutic targets and curative effect prediction of refractory schizophrenia， hoping to provide reference for the pathological mechanism research and treatment of refractory schizophrenia.

Abstract:Parkinson disease（ PD） is one of the most common movement disorders， however， PD with pregnancy is rare. The incidence of PD during pregnancy is low， being difficult to select drugs in the presence of fluctuation symptoms， with complex side effects. With the increase of the average maternal age， the phenomenon of PD combined pregnancy is increasingly common. This paper will discuss the impact of pregnancy on PD， the selection of anti-Parkinson drugs and their impact on the fetus， deep brain stimulation， breastfeeding and prognosis.

Abstract:Handwriting is a complex， automatic and unique human activity. The completion of normal writing behavior is a manifestation of personal physical and mental health. With the development of modern science and the application of digital technology， a large amount of evidence has showed that new techniques of handwriting analysis is helpful to detect and assess the movement， cognitive， and emotional disorders of patients with various mental disorders. This paper reviews the research methods， results and Enlightenment of handwriting analysis of patients with various mental disorders published in recent years at home and abroad， and summarizes the application of new techniques of handwriting analysis in psychiatry.

Abstract:At present， it is generally believed that offspring of bipolar disorder（ BDoff） is a high-risk population with bipolar disorder. Studies have shown that BDoff suffer from cognitive impairment to varying degrees， and the mechanism may be related to genetic and biological factors， but it has not been clarified. These cognitive impairment is not caused by single factor， as the damage mechanism may be related to gene polymorphism， immune inflammation， the brain structure， etc. This paper reviews the cognitive impairment and its possible mechanism in the BDoff.

Abstract:Epilepsy is one of the common diseases of the nervous system. Brain injuries caused by seizures has been confirmed by animal experiments and clinical observations. Insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) is a neurotrophic protective factor， which plays an important role in the growth， development， differentiation and repair of the central nervous system after injury. However， its role in seizures is controversial. This paper reviews the current research on IGF-1 and epilepsy， and discusses the relationship between IGF-1 and epilepsy based on a large number of literatures.

Abstract:Alzheimer disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population， characterized by amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. In recent years， molecular PET imaging technology has made great progress， which provides effective methods to study the pathological process of Alzheimer disease. Although many imaging techniques are still in the early stages of research， some have been widely used in clinical practice. In this paper， the progress of the commonly used molecular PET imaging techniques in Alzheimer disease is reviewed.

Abstract:Hypertension is the most important independent risk factor of cerebral stroke. The etiology and hemodynamics of cerebral stroke are variable， which complicates the blood pressure management of patients with stroke. Therefore， accurate diagnosis and precise definition of treatment goals are needed. This article reviews the latest research advances in arterial blood pressure management to prevent first and recurrent stroke， and the hypertension subacute and acute blood pressure management， especially in the acute phase of hypertensive encephalopathy， hemorrhagic stroke， and ischemic stroke.