Abstract:Retina is the only visible part of the central nervous system. Studies have shown that there are structural abnormalities of retina in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease （AD） and Parkinson disease （PD）， but the changes of retina in the two diseases may be different. In order to explore the value of retinal changes in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of central nervous system degenerative diseases， we summarized the research on retinal markers of different neurodegenerative diseases in AD and PD.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effects of different doses of methylazoxymethyl acetate （MAM） on sensorimotor gating in rats， and to explore the appropriate dose of MAM in inducing rat model of schizophrenic sensorimotor gating disorder. Methods Different doses of MAM （25 mg/kg， 20 mg/kg， 15 mg/kg） were used to treat perinatal rats to induce the development of nervous system in their offspring， and to establish a rat model of schizophrenic sensorimotor gating disorder. The feasibility of establishing rat model of schizophrenic sensorimotor gating disorder with different doses of MAM was evaluated by observing prepulse inhibition of the startle response （PPI）， P50 auditory-evoked potential suppression （AEP-P50） and hippocampus neuron apoptosis detecting by Caspase 3 staining. Results PPI can be inhibited by MAM in the dose ranging from 15 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg （P ＜ 0.05）. The difference between the middle and high dose of MAM group and the control group was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. There was a significant difference in the amplitude of startle reflex between the high-dose mam group and the control group， with an increase of 34.32% （P ＜ 0.05）. The values of S2/S1， S2 peak to peak and S1 peak to peak in high-dose MAM group were higher than those in control group， medium dose and low-dose MAM groups， and the differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between PPI and AEP-P50. The apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons in high-dose MAM group was higher than that in medium， low-dose MAM group and control group， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions MAM can induce changes in PPI and AEP-P50 in rats， and MAM （25 mg/kg） can be used as a model drug in animal models of sensorimotor gating disorder in schizophrenia.

Abstract:Objective To explore the correlation between plasma pre-treatment brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） levels， and curative effect in the acute stage as well as cognitive function in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder. Methods A total of 67 patients with first episode major depressive disorder admitted to the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from November 2016 to December 2019 were enrolled， and treated with escitalopram or venlafaxine for 4 weeks. The depressive symptoms and cognitive function before and after treatment were evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale （HAMD-17） and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery （MCCB）. The levels of plasma BDNF and VEGF before treatment were detected. Results Compared with those before treatment， the scores of HAMD-17 decreased ［（22.3±4.7） points vs （8.5±5.6） points， t=19.649， P ＜ 0.001］， processing speed ［（43.7±10.8） points vs （47.8±10.7） points， t=-3.676， P ＜ 0.001］， working memory ［（40.5±11.1） points vs （44.8±11.2） points， t=-3.288， P=0.002］， the scores of verbal learning and memory function ［（39.2±10.2） vs （46.2±10.5）， t=-5.565， P ＜ 0.001］ increased， and the differences were statistically significant. BDNF and VEGF before treatment were negatively correlated with HAMD-17 （β= -0.265， P=0.036； β=-0.284， P=0.021）. BDNF was positively correlated with processing speed and working memory （β=0.305， P=0.018； β=0.416， P=0.001）. HAMD-17 showed statistically significant direct （β=2.602， P=0.013； β=1.036， P=0.021） and indirect （β=0.215， P=0.024； β=0.320， P=0.035） effects on the correlation between BDNF and speed of processing as well as working memory. BDNF before treatment was positively correlated with the changes in HAMD-17 （before treatment minus after treatment） at the end of 4 weeks treatment （β=2.009， P=0.030）， and was negatively correlated with changes in processing speed and working memory （β=-0.288， P=0.024； β=-0.267， P=0.039）. Changes in HAMD-17 scores showed statistically significantly indirect effect （β=-0.529， P=0.001； β=-0.523， P=0.002） between BDNF and changes in speed of processing and working memory， but no statistically significant direct effect （β=-0.236， P=0.321； β=-0.382， P=0.206）. Conclusions The level of plasma BDNF in patients with first episode depressive disorder before treatment can predict the antidepressant effect after 4 weeks of treatment， but it is not directly related to the improvement of cognitive function.

Abstract:Objective To study the characteristics of event related potential （ERP） in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） and the correlation between ERP and hyperactivity index and intelligence， and to explore the cognitive function of children with ADHD. Methods From June 2019 to December 2020， 61 children with ADHD treated in the outpatient department of Xiamen Xian Yue Hospital were selected as the study group， and 61 healthy children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected as the control group. ERP and Wechsler intelligence test were performed on children， and Conners Parent Symptom Qeustionnaire （PSQ） was performed on two groups of child caregivers. Results Under target stimulation， the P3 latency of prefrontal region， central region and parietal lobe in the study group was significantly longer than that in the control group， and the difference was statistically significant ［（388.41±47.24） ms vs （372.89±34.75） ms， （395.31±55.18） ms vs （371.33±38.80） ms， （404.23±55.21） ms vs （381.54±38.93） ms； t=2.07， 2.78， 2.62； P ＜ 0.05］. Under target stimulation， there were significant differences in P3 amplitude in prefrontal region， central region and parietal lobe between the two groups ［9.61 （7.60， 15.63）μV vs 13.52 （10.04， 16.90）μV， 11.20 （5.81， 17.43）μV vs 13.49 （9.22， 16.54）μV， 12.33 （7.05， 18.85）μV vs 14.74 （9.31， 20.09）μV； Z=-2.77， -2.10， -2.06； P ＜ 0.05］. There were significant differences in speech comprehension index， perceptual reasoning index， working memory index， processing speed index and total IQ scores between the two groups ［98.0 （89.0， 103.5） vs 99.0 （95.5， 107.0）， 94.0 （86.0， 103.0） vs 100.0 （89.0， 109.0）， 85.0 （75.0， 97.0） vs 91.0 （87.0， 97.0）， 83.0 （77.0， 95.0） vs 92.0 （80.5， 99.0）， 83.0 （77.0， 95.0） vs 92.0 （80.5， 99.0）； Z=-2.10， -2.54， -3.70， -3.33， -2.86； P＜ 0.05］. The hyperactivity index score of the study group was higher than that of the control group ［1.80 （1.60， 2.10） vs 0.80 （0.65， 1.15）； Z=9.54； P＜ 0.05］. Correlation analysis results showed that the latency of P3 was negatively correlated with working memory index （WMI） and processing speed index （PSI） （r=-0.29， -0.26， P ＜ 0.05）. The peak-to-peak value of N2P3 was positively correlated with PSI （r=0.30， P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions ADHD children have a certain degree of cognitive dysfunction， ERP can measure the cognitive function of ADHD children， and the combined use of ERP and Wechsler intelligence is conducive to an objective and comprehensive evaluation of ADHD.

Abstract:Objective To understand the level of negative emotions and caregiver burden of family members of schizophrenic patients in convalescence period， and to observe the effect of group psychotherapy intervention on those symptoms. Methods From the health education lectures for family members of patients with severe mental disorders organized by Harbin Mental Health Prevention and Control Office， a total of 64 family members of schizophrenic patients in convalescence period conforming to the requirements in all communities in Nangang from November 2019 to June 2020 were selected and randomly divided into trial group and control group. The trial group was given group psychological intervention once a week， for 6 weeks； the family members of the control group did not receive any interventions. The Beck Anxiety Inventory （BAI）， Beck Depression Inventory （BDI）， and Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory （ZBI） were used to evaluate the intervention before and after the experiment， respectively. Results After the intervention， the BAI score （36.100±6.587） and BDI score （7.800±6.860） of family members in the trial group decreased significantly （P＜ 0.05） compared with those before the intervention； there was no statistically significant difference in the BAI score （46.290±13.419） and BDI score （14.280±11.231） of the family members in the control group before and after intervention （P＞ 0.05）. After the intervention， the difference in BAI and BDI scores in the two groups was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. After the intervention， the ZBI score （36.570±14.878） of family members in the trial group decreased significantly compared with that before the intervention （P ＜ 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in ZBI scores between the two groups （P ＞ 0.05）. Conclusions Group psychotherapy can effectively reduce the anxiety and depression levels and alleviate some of the psychological burden of family members of schizophrenic patients in convalescence period

Abstract:Objective To explore the role of serum cortisol level in differentiating Alzheimer disease （AD） from senile depression. Methods The serum cortisol level， estradiol， growth hormone and other hormone levels of patients aged from 55 to 95 who were diagnosed as depressive disorder or AD according to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria and discharged from the Department of Geriatric Psychiatry， Suzhou Guangji Hospital from January 1， 2018 to October 1， 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results A total of 109 patients with depression and 57 patients with AD were included in the study. The cortisol level in depression group was significantly higher than that in AD group ［478.10（389.81， 587.63） nmol/L vs 370.30 （290.66， 405.35） nmol/L； Z=5.91， P＜ 0.01］， while the age ［（69.68±8.01） vs （75.77±8.01）； t=4.66， P＜ 0.01］， luteinizing hormone ［18.90 （9.59， 27.60） IU/L vs 24.31 （15.18， 34.06） IU/L； Z=2.27， P=0.02］and growth hormone ［0.23 （0.10， 0.73） ng/ml vs 0.30 （0.20， 1.45） ng/ml； Z=2.02， P=0.04］were significantly lower than those in AD group. Two indexes， age （OR=0.92， 95%CI： 0.88-0.96， P＜0.01） and cortisol （OR=1.01， 95%CI： 1.00-1.01， P＜0.01）， were selected by logistic regression to construct regression equation. The area under ROC curve of age， cortisol and the combination of age and cortisol were 0.69 （95%CI： 0.62-0.76）， 0.78 （95%CI： 0.71-0.84） and 0.82 （95%CI： 0.75-0.88）， respectively. Conclusions Serum cortisol level may be used as an important index to differentiate senile depression from AD in hospital.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between early blood pressure variability （BPV） and functional prognosis in patients with small artery occlusive （SAO） stroke. Methods A total of 136 cases of acute SAO stroke patients who conformed to the standard in our hospital from October 1， 2019 to September 30， 2020 were selected. General clinical data of the patients were collected， including NIHSS score， age， sex， history of hypertension， history of diabetes mellitus or HbA1c， hyperlipidemia， history of coronary heart disease， history of smoking， history of alcohol abuse， past history of stroke， and baseline data that antithrombotic medication during hospitalization. Blood pressure parameters were collected through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. According to the modified Rankin score （mRS） 3 months after stroke， all patients were divided into good prognosis group （mRS ＜ 3 points） and poor prognosis group （mRS ≥ 3 points）. The general clinical data and blood pressure parameters of the two groups were compared. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between BPV and neurological prognosis. Results Compared with the good prognosis group， the NIHSS score， the history of diabetes， the difference between the maximum and minimum systolic blood pressure （SBPmax-min）， the 24-hour systolic blood pressure coefficient variability （24 h-SBPCV）， the day systolic blood pressure coefficient variability （dSBPCV） and the night systolic blood pressure coefficient variability （nSBPCV） were all increased in the poor prognosis group， with a statistically significant difference （P ＜ 0.05）. Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that 24 h-SBPCV （OR=0.629， 95%CI：0.424-0.932， P=0.021）， dSBPCV （OR=1.590， 95%CI：1.053-2.401， P=0.028）， high NIHSS score at admission （OR=3.309， 95%CI：1.845-5.937， P=0.001）， diabetes history （OR=0.203， 95%CI：0.075-0.549， P=0.002） is a risk factor for poor prognosis of neurological function in small artery occlusive stroke. Conclusions High NIHSS score at admission， diabetes and the increase of 24 h-SBPCV and dSBPCV are the independent risk factor for poor neurological prognosis of small artery occlusive stroke.

Abstract:Objective To observe the clinical effect of creatine phosphate for neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy （HIE）， and the impacts on brain injury related factors and development. Methods A total of 89 children with HIE， who were admitted in our department from May 2018 to November 2019， were randomly divided into control group （n=44） and study group （n=45） by random number table method. The control group was treated with conventional treatment，the study group received creatine phosphate additionally. The treatment course was 10 days. The clinical effect， Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment （NBNA） score， improvement time of clinical symptoms and serum levels of brain injury related factors （NSE and S100 protein） were compared. Mental Development Index （MDI） and Psychomotor Development Index （PDI） of the two groups after one year of treatment was evaluated， and the adverse reactions were recorded. Results The total effective rate was 93.3% （42/45） in study group， which was significantly higher than that of 77.3% （34/44） in control group （χ2 =4.601，P＜0.05）. After treatment， NBNA score （40.52±7.37）， MDI （96.2±8.3） and PDI （97.1±7.5） in study group were all higher than those of the control group ［（35.63±6.14）， （91.6±7.7） and （92.4±6.0）］ respectively， with statistically significant differences （P＜ 0.05）. The serum levels of NSE ［（26.77±3.67） μg/ml］ and S100 protein ［（1.20±0.12） μg/L］ in the study group were lower than those at baseline ［（36.01±7.65） μg/ml］， ［（1.79±0.25） μg/L］， and lower than those in the control group ［（29.10±4.72） μg/ml，（1.42±0.16） μg/L］， with statistically significant differences （P ＜ 0.05）. The improvement time of clinical symptoms in the observation group was less than that in the control group， the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. There were no obvious adverse reactions in both groups. Conclusions Creatine phosphate could improve the effectiveness of conventional therapy for neonates with HIE.

Abstract:In recent years， the presence of gut microflora dysbiosis among mood disorder patients has attracted more and more attention. The gut microbiota communicates with the central nervous system via the microbiota-gut-brain （MGB） axis to achieve two-way regulation， which affects people's cognition， emotion and behavior. Probiotics and their products can reshape the intestinal microecology， improve the function of immune and endocrine systems， and restore the level of neurotransmitters. Therefore， the application of probiotics to regulate the imbalance of gut microbiota and restore the disorder of MGB axis is becoming an adjuvant therapy for mood disorders. However， there are still some problems in probiotic therapy， such as the heterogeneous nature of both the gut microbiota composition and probiotics strains. In the future， more trials are urgently needed to determine specific probiotics strains for different subtypes of mood disorders to improve the treatment strategy.

Abstract:Depression disorder is a common mental illness. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are very important for the prognosis of the disease. At present， clinical diagnosis is still based on symptoms， and the diagnosis of diseases may be affected by the subjective cognition of clinicians， which lacks objective basis. In recent years， the emergence of eye tracking technology can help clinicians find potential objective indicators， which is of certain significance in the diagnosis of depression. This paper summarizes the characteristics of attentional bias in patients with depression and the research progress of eye tracking technology in the diagnosis and intervention of depression

Abstract:Cognitive impairment seriously affects the social interaction， learning， work， living and other abilities of the elderly. Over the past 20 years， scholars at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on the impact of music intervention on cognitive function. This paper reviews the effects of music intervention on cognitive dysfunction in the elderly based on the previous research results， and looks forward to the future research.

Abstract:Eating disorder （ED） is a refractory mental illness that seriously endangers the physical and mental health of patients， and brings great pain to patients and their caregivers. In the process of managing the daily life of ED patients and seeking medical assistance， ED caregivers have heavy psychological disturbance and burden. The way they cope with their own stress and emotional pain often makes the patient's symptoms fall into a vicious circle. Therefore， it is urgent to provide necessary intervention for ED caregivers. This article reviews the results of psychological intervention studies for ED caregivers with a view to providing recommendations for future research and clinical practice of ED treatment.

Abstract:Compared with the general population， the risk of cardiovascular death for schizophrenia patients is significantly higher， which is partly related to the use of antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drugs increase the risk of life-threatening pleomorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmia or torsade de pointes （TdP） by prolonging QTc interval. Severe cases may deteriorate into fatal ventricular fibrillation or even sudden cardiac death （SCD）. Gender， age and electrolyte disturbance all have effects on QTc interval prolongation. Different antipsychotic drugs have different effects on QTc interval prolongation. The effects of single antipsychotic therapy and multiple antipsychotic combination therapy on QTc interval were also different. The prolongation of QTc interval caused by antipsychotics is also affected by genetic factors. With the development of pharmacogenetics， many genes related to the prolongation of QTc interval caused by antipsychotics have been identified. This paper reviews the research progress on the influencing factors of QTc interval prolongation caused by antipsychotics， in order to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome （OSAS） is a common sleep breathing disorder， and chronic intermittent hypoxia （CIH） is the most important pathophysiological feature of it. In recent years， the research on CIH-induced cognitive impairment has become a hot spot. Research has found that CIH can activate microglia to cause neuroinflammation， release inflammatory factors， cause central nervous system damage， and further lead to cognitive dysfunction. This article reviews the ways in which CIH activates microglia， and the molecular mechanism of microglia's involvement in CIH-induced cognitive dysfunction， in order to provide support for further research.

Abstract:Emotion regulation is closely related to mental health. Improving the ability of emotion regulation will have a beneficial effect on the individuals. Now there is growing evidence that working memory training based on updating tasks can improve the emotion regulation ability of both people with mental illness and healthy people. This article reviews the research on the application of working memory training based on updating tasks in different population， to explore the effect and mechanism of the training and provide some insights for the application and development of the training in the field of emotion regulation.