Abstract:Brain glioma is the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Due to the invasive growth which is the main biological feature of the tumor， it is difficult to identify the exact boundary of the tumor during surgery. Accurate identification of brain glioma boundaries is helpful to maximize the safe resection of the tumor， facilitate the delineation of the target area of postoperative radiotherapy， reduce recurrence rate， and improve the quality of life of patients with postoperative survival. At present， the determination of tumor boundary mainly depends on the combination of preoperative imaging and intraoperative multimodal neuron avigation. In recent years， various invasive and noninvasive imaging technologies have made some progress in the direction of glioma boundary recognition. Different imaging technologies can provide multifaceted tumor information， such as tissue anatomy， functional metabolism and so on， which is conducive to more accurate delineation of the edge of the lesion. In this paper， the role of various imaging techniques in glioma boundary techniques are taken as review.

Abstract:Objective To explore the mediating effect of personality， social support and life events between childhood abuse and college students' anxiety and depression. Methods The cluster random sampling method was used to select 2 420 college students from 3 universities in Xuzhou by class. Self-Rating Anxiety Scale（SAS）， Beck Depression Inventory（BDI）， Personal Report of Childhood Abuse（PRCA）， Social Support Rating Scale（SSRS）， Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check list（ASLEC） and NEO Five Factor Inventory Revised （NEO-FFI-R） were applied to evaluate the research subjects. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the relationship personality， social support， life events and anxiety and depression in college students with childhood abuse history. A structural equation model of the formation mechanism of anxiety and depression in college students with childhood abuse history was constructed. A total of 2 420 questionnaires were distributed， and 2 374 valid questionnaires were recovered， with an effective recovery rate of 98.1%. Results Of the 2 374 college students， 929 （39.1%） had experienced abuse in their childhood. BDI and SAS scores of abused college students in childhood were positively correlated with total PRCA scores， total ASLEC scores， and neuroticism scores （r=0.366 to 0.632， P ＜ 0.001）， and negatively correlated with total SSRS scores， extraversion scores， openness scores， friendliness scores， and prudence scores （r=-0.440 to -0.128， P＜ 0.001）. The scores of NEO-FFI-R subscales， total SSRS scores， total ASLEC scores， and total PRCA scores were correlated with each other （r=-0.515 to -0.065， 0.220 to 0.456； P＜ 0.05）. Regression analysis showed that childhood abuse had a direct impact on college students' personality， life events， social support， anxiety and depression （P ＜ 0.05）. Personality had a direct impact on life events， social support， anxiety and depression （P＜ 0.01）. Social support had a direct impact on life events （P＜ 0.01）， and no direct effect on anxiety and depression. Life events had a direct impact on anxiety and depression （P＜ 0.05）. The model fit indexes were χ2 /df=3.361， Parsimony Goodness Fit Index （PGFI）=0.648， Parsimony Comparative Fit Index （PCFI）=0.712， Parsimony Normed Fit Index （PNFI）=0.696； Root Mean Square Error of Approximation （RMSEA）=0.049， Goodness Fit Index （GFI）=0.952， Adjusted Goodness Fit Index （AGFI）= 0.930， Normed Fit Index （NFI）=0.925， Relative Fit Index （RFI）=0.900， Incremental Fit Index （IFI）=0.946， Tucker-Lewis Index （TLI）=0.928， Comparative Fit Index （CFI）=0.946. The structural equation model fitted well. Conclusions College students abused in childhood are prone to anxiety and depression. Personality traits， social support and life events play a mediating role between childhood abuse and college students' anxiety and depression.

Abstract:Objective To determine the expression of APP and MAPT， two Alzheimer disease related biomarkers in gliomas， and to develop glioma prognosis predicting factors and therapeutic targets. Methods The WHO pathological grade， primary or secondary status， IDH mutation status， 1p/19q heterozygous deletion status， survival period and other data of 325 and 609 patients with grade Ⅱ to Ⅳ glioma included in the two databases of the China Glioma Genome Atlas （CGGA） and the Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA）， as well as the expression level of APP and MAPT genes. After the gene expression level was standardized， the expression differences of the two genes in glioma， IDH mutation/wild-type， 1p/19q heterozygous deletion/wild-type were compared. Kaplan Meier （K-M） survival curve was used to analyze the relationship between APP and MAPT gene levels and the prognosis of primary and secondary glioma， and Log-rank was used for comparison. The list of genes related to MAPT expression level in CGGA and TCGA databases were screened. The molecular mechanism of MAPT affecting the prognosis of glioma was analyzed by gene ontology （GO） function enrichment. Results In CGGA and TCGA databases， the expression level of MAPT in grade Ⅱ to Ⅳ glioma patients was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.01）； There was significant difference between two groups in each database （all P＜ 0.01）. In TCGA database， there was a statistically significant difference in APP expression level between patients with grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ glioma （P ＜ 0.01）. In CGGA and TCGA databases， the expression level of MAPT in IDH mutant patients with grade Ⅱ to Ⅳ glioma was higher than that in IDH wild-type patients， and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.01）. In TCGA database， there was a statistically significant difference in APP expression between IDH mutant and wild-type patients with grade Ⅳ glioma （P ＜ 0.01）. In TCGA database， the expression level of APP in grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ glioma and MAPT between 1p/19q loss of heterozygosity and wild-type in grade Ⅲ glioma patients were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.001）. In CGGA database， there was a statistically significant difference in MAPT expression between 1p/19q loss of heterozygosity and wild-type patients with grade Ⅳ glioma （P ＜ 0.001）. K-M survival curve analysis showed that MAPT gene could effectively judge the prognosis of patients with primary glioma， and patients with higher MAPT expression had better prognosis （P ＜ 0.001）. GO function enrichment analysis showed that MAPT expression level was positively correlated with actin cytoskeleton assembly， tubulin cytoskeleton assembly， Wnt pathway， nervous system development， DNA based transcriptional regulation， RNA polymerase Ⅱ promoter transcriptional regulation of glioma， and negatively correlated with cell migration， cell adhesion， angiogenesis， cell division， cell proliferation， etc. Cell model validation found that overexpression of MAPT could inhibit the migration and invasion of glioma cells. Conclusions The expression level of MAPT can predict the prognosis of patients with primary glioma， and there is a correlation between MAPT and the malignant degree of glioma， which is a potential target for glioma research and treatment.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the occurrence of anxiety symptoms in patients with glioma during the perioperative period and its influence on the survival and prognosis of patients. Methods A total of 186 patients suffered from glioma who underwent surgery in Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from July 2016 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative and postoperative anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale （HAMA）. The influencing factors of perioperative anxiety were analyzed by binary Logistic regression. The progression free survival period was recorded during follow-up， and Kaplan-Meier survival curve and multivariate Cox regression were used to analyze the impact of clinical characteristics and anxiety symptoms on the progression free survival period. Results A total of 64 patients lost follow-up after operation. According to the score of HAMA， the groups included preoperative anxiety-free group （≤ 7 points， 116 cases）， preoperative anxiety group （＞ 7 points， 70 cases）， postoperative anxiety-free group （≤ 7 points， 74 cases）， and postoperative anxiety group （＞ 7 points， 48 cases）. There were 2 patients （1.08%） with obvious anxiety symptoms and 1 patient （0.54%） with severe anxiety symptoms in preoperative anxiety group. There were 2 patients （1.64%） with obvious anxiety symptoms in postoperative anxiety group. The preoperative HAMA score of female patients was higher than that of male patients， and the postoperative HAMA score of patients with tumors on the left side was higher than that of patients on the right side， with a statistically significant difference （P ＜ 0.05）. Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the gender of male were protective factors for preoperative anxiety of patients with glioma （OR=0.461， 95%CI=0.247-0.860， P=0.015）. Kaplan Meier curve showed that the progression free survival period of patients in the preoperative anxiety group was shorter than that of patients in the anxiety free group， with a statistically significant difference （P=0.035）. Multivariate Cox regression showed that gender （HR=2.980， 95%CI=1.121- 7.927， P=0.029） and preoperative HAMA score （HR=2.573， 95%CI=1.079-6.134， P=0.033） were the influencing factors for progression free survival of patients with glioma after surgery. Conclusions Female glioma patients are prone to get anxiety symptoms before surgery， and glioma patients with tumor lesions on the left side are prone to get anxiety symptoms. Preoperative anxiety has a negative effect on progression-free survival. On the basis of paying attention to the perioperative psychological state of glioma patients， early intervention should be taken on the preoperative psychological state of high-risk patient groups according to their clinical characteristics.

Abstract:Objective Biomarkers related to glioma recurrence were analyzed based on the genome of multifocal glioblastoma （M-GBM） to provide a basis for understanding the potential pathogenesis and formulating targeted treatment strategies. Methods The genome of a primary and asynchronous tumor sample from a glioblastoma patient in the Chinese Glioma Genome Map （CGGA） was selected for high-throughput sequencing， and verified by single nucleotide variation （SNV） and genome rearrangement. The differential genes are screened， and the differential genes of the sequenced data are included in CGGA_ 325 and CGGA_ 693 Kaplan Meier survival curve analysis was conducted in two databases. Results 14 322 and 16 464 SNVs were detected in primary and asynchronous tumors， respectively， of which 4 744 （33.1%） were common. One group of gene rearrangements exists in primary and asynchronous tumors， three groups of gene rearrangements exist in primary tumors but not in asynchronous tumors， and one group of gene rearrangements exists in asynchronous tumors but not in primary tumors. The results of survival curve analysis showed that the difference between total survival and progression free survival was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.01）. The survival of low-risk group was better than that of high-risk group. Conclusions The progeny cells cloned by ancestors may differentiate earlier and then evolve in parallel to produce M-GBM， that is， although there are overall differences in the rearrangement panorama， the two lesions have a common ancestor. A set of biomarkers that may be related to the recurrence and grade progression of glioma. The clinic can independently analyze the lesions at different positions of M-GBM patients according to the targeted treatment strategy to guide the precise treatment.

Abstract:Objective To develop the Care Needs Assessment Scale for Patients with Alzheimer disease， and to test it for reliability and validity. Methods Based on literature review， clinical practice， in-depth interview and 2 rounds of expert letter consultation， the initial scale was constructed. Using the convenient sampling method， 150 AD patients diagnosed in the memory clinic of Chongqing Mental Health Center from October 2020 to March 2021 were selected for pre investigation， and items were screened through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis to form a formal scale. Using the convenient sampling method， 105 AD patients diagnosed in the memory clinic of Chongqing Mental Health Center from May to July 2021 were selected for a formal survey. SPSS 25.0 statistical software and AMOS software were used for reliability test and confirmatory factor analysis of the formal scale. Results The Care Needs Assessment Scale for Patients with Alzheimer disease included 4 dimensions （daily care needs， medical care needs， rehabilitation training needs， and psychosocial needs）， 16 entries in total， and the total variance variation of explanation was 76.074%. Confirmative factor analysis showed χ2 /df=2.043， RMSEA=0.100， TLI=0.907， CFI=0.924. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the general scale was 0.902， and the split half reliability was 0.633. The Cronbach's α coefficient of each dimension was 0.736-0.952， and the split half reliability was from 0.739-0.931. Conclusions The Care Needs Assessment Scale of Patients with Alzheimer disease has good reliability and validity， and can be used as a measuring tool to assess the care needs of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the changes of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio （NLR）， platelet/ lymphocyte ratio （PLR）， sleep structure and short-term prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS）. Methods From January 2021 to March 2022，a total of 106 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the Department of Neurology of Beijing Daxing People's Hospital were selected as research subjects. All the patients were monitored by polysomnography （PSG）. According to the apnea hypopnea index （AHI）， the patients were divided into non OSAHS group （n=52）， mild OSAHS group （n=24） and moderate to severe OSAHS group （n=30）. The changes of NLR，PLR and PSG sleep parameters were compared among the three groups. The difference of neurological function among the three groups was compared by Barthel index and modified Rankin score at the 3-month follow-up after discharge. Results The differences in NLR and PLR level among the 3 groups were statistically significant ［1.90 （1.60，2.71） vs 2.30（1.70， 4.12） vs 2.35（1.67， 6.40）， （161.00±74.10） vs （207.10±90.10） vs （214.30±96.60）］ （P ＜ 0.05）. The levels of NLR and PLR in moderate and severe OSAHS group were significantly higher than those in non OSAHS group， and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the proportions of REM phase， NREM phase 1， NREM phase 3 and awakening times among the three groups［（17.78±6.13）% vs（15.21±5.29）% vs （13.97±5.03）%，（15.01±8.62）% vs （19.26±10.93）% vs（20.39±9.14）%， （15.58±9.55）% vs （11.43±5.49）% vs （9.81±5.86）%， 4.00（3.00， 6.00） vs 5.00 （4.00， 6.00） vs 6.00（5.00， 8.00）］ （P＜ 0.05）. The proportion of NREM phase 1 in severe OSAHS group was higher than that in non OSAHS group， the proportion of NREM phase 3 and REM phase was lower than that in non OSAHS group， and the number of awakenings was higher than that in non OSAHS group， with statistical significance （P＜ 0.05）. The Barthel index and the modified Rankin score of the three groups at the time of 3 months after discharge were statistically significant ［（87.40±9.20） vs （83.54±9.61） vs （82.67±6.07）， 1.00（0， 2.00） vs 2.00（0.25， 3.00） vs 2.00（1.00， 3.00）］ （P ＜ 0.05）. Barthel index of patients in mild， moderate and severe OSAHS group was lower than that in non OSAHS group， and the modified Rankin score was higher than that in non OSAHS group， the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Moderate and severe OSAHS increases the levels of NLR and PLR in patients with stroke，and increases the number of sleep awakenings. The inflammatory reaction promoted by hypoxia and sleep structure disorder may be related to the adverse short-term prognosis of acute ischemic stroke.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between plasma cortisol level and cognitive function in depression patients with somatic symptoms. Methods A total of 93 patients with first-episode mild and moderate depression admitted to Tangshan Kailuan Mental Health Center from November 2021 to July 2022 were selected as the research objects. All the patients were assessed by Health Questionnaire-15 （PHQ-15）. Patients with a score equals or over 10 were assigned to somatic symptoms depression group （n=53）， while patients with a score less than 5 were assigned to non-somatic symptoms depression group （n=40）. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale （HAMD-24） and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale （MoCA） were used to compare the degree of depression and cognitive function of the two groups of patients. The cortisol levels of the two groups were measured by ELISA at 8 am. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between HAMD-24， MoCA score and plasma cortisol level in two groups of patients. Results The total score of HAMD- 24 in somatic symptoms depression group was （35.92±3.28）， which is higher than that in non-somatic symptoms depression group （31.78±1.70）， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. The scores of MoCA total score， attention， delayed recall and orientation dimension in non-somatic symptoms depression group were higher than those in somatic symptoms depression group ［（25.38±2.50） vs （23.98±3.58）， （5.00±0.64） vs （4.57±1.14）， （3.65±0.66） vs （3.21±0.79）， 6.00（5.00，6.00） vs 6.00（6.00，6.00）］， and the differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The plasma cortisol level in somatic symptoms depression group was （21.76±5.50） μg/dl， higher than that in non-somatic symptoms depression （15.34±4.95） μg/dl， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.01）. The correlation analysis showed that the plasma cortisol level in somatic symptoms depression group was positively correlated with the total score of HAMD-24， and negatively correlated with the total score of MoCA and the scores of attention， delayed recall and orientation dimensions （r=0.550，-0.452，-0.474，-0.513，-0.489；P ＜ 0.01）. Conclusions The depression degree of depression patients with somatic symptoms is severe and the plasma cortisol level is high， and the plasma cortisol level is correlated with cognitive function.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the expression changes of A1/A2 astrocytes over time after diffuse brain injury （DBI） in the hippocampus of mice. Methods A total of 48 male SD mice were randomly divided into normal control group and 4 h， 8 h， 12 h， 1 d， 3 d， 5 d， 7 d group after DBI （n=6）. The DBI model was established by modified Marmarou brain injury strike device. Brain injury in mice was observed by gross observation and hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The expression of C3d， S100A10 and their mRNA， the markers of A1/A2 astrocytes （A1s/A2s） in the hippocampus of mice were detected by immunohistochemical staining and real-time quantitative Polyerase Chain Reaction （PCR）. Results Gross observation showed that there was no obvious abnormality in the normal control group， but there were localized subarachnoid hemorrhage， a small amount of hemorrhage in the lateral ventricle and ventral side of brain tissue， mild edema and no focal brain contusion and laceration in the experimental group. The results of HE staining showed that the morphological changes of cerebral cortex and deep brain tissue in the experimental group after DBI， and the craniocerebral injury of mice was diffuse. DBI model was successfully established. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the mean density of C3d protein in the hippocampus of the normal control groupmice was （0.002 6±0.000 3）. It increased to （0.003 4±0.000 1） at 4 h after DBI， and reached a peak of （0.015 8± 0.000 4） at about 1 d after DBI. The staining was significantly deepened， and then the mean density gradually decreased. It was still higher than that in the normal control group at 7 d after DBI， the mean density was （0.003 6± 0.000 2）. The mean density of C3d protein in the hippocampus of 8 h， 12 h， 1 d， 3 d and 5 d after DBI were all higher than that in the normal control group， and the differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The mean density of S100A10 protein in the hippocampus of the normal control group mice was （0.078 7±0.006 8）， which decreased to （0.051 9±0.002 1） at 4 h after DBI， and was the lowest at 1d， reaching （0.005 2±0.000 2）， then showing an upward trend， （0.034 6±0.001 8） at 7 d. The mean density of S100A10 protein in hippocampus of mice in groups 4 h， 8 h， 12 h， 1 d， 3 d， 5 d and 7 d after DBI was lower than that in the normal control group， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR showed that C3d increased at 4 h after DBI and peaked at 8 h with the relative expression （9.365 2± 0.543 8） 2-Δ △ Ct， then decreased gradually. S100A10 began to decrease at 4 h after DBI， and its expression level was the lowest around 8 h， with the expression level of （0.446 9±0.007 8） 2-Δ △ Ct， followed by an upward trend. The C3d mRNA expression of mice in the groups 4 h， 8 h， 12 h， 1 d， 3 d， 5 d and 7 d after DBI was higher than that in the normalcontrol group， and the S100A10 mRNA expression of mice in the groups 4 h， 8 h， 3 d， 5 d and 7 d after DBI was lower than that in the normal control group， with statistical significance （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Within 7 days after DBI， A1s and A2s showed unimodal expression， and the trend was opposite， which is expected to become a biological index for estimation of injury time and treatment of DBI， and provide a theoretical basis for clinical medication and treatment.

Abstract:Cognitive impairment is the core symptom of schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics treatment can easily induce metabolic syndrome in patients， and metabolic syndrome can further aggravate their cognitive impairment. The internal mechanisms causing this series of clinical symptoms mainly include the following： brain-derived neurotrophic factor mechanism， insulin resistance mechanism， intestinal flora mechanism， immune inflammation mechanism and micro vasculopathy mechanism. Based on the complicated relationship among atypical antipsychotics， metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment， this article reviews the correlation among them and the related biological mechanisms that have been discovered.

Abstract:Cognitive impairment is one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. At present， cognitive function was assessed primarily by neuropsychological tests， and a number of neuropsychological test batteries are developed gradually. On the basis of previous studies， Chinese scholars have also developed a neurocognitive battery for schizophrenia in China. This article reviews the commonly used cognitive batteries and cognitive batteries for schizophrenia.

Abstract:Alzheimer disease （AD） is characterized by clinical progressive decline in cognitive function and behavioral abnormalities， and eventually dementia. Its neuropathological features include tau protein neurofibrillary tangles， senile plaques formed by the accumulation of β-amyloid （Aβ）. Other changes include reactive microglia proliferation and widespread loss of neurons， white matter， and synapses. Since amyloid pathology may precede tau protein pathology and the appearance of AD brain atrophy and clinical symptoms， the correlation between Aβ metabolic abnormalities and AD is elaborated in this paper.