Abstract:Alcohol use disorder（ AUD） is a serious problem affecting mental health today， of which prevalence remains high with widespread concern. The problems such as social function defects， judicial crimes and domestic violence caused by AUD continue rising， and can lead to physical diseases and mental disorders， causing a heavy burden on society and families. The genetic mechanism of AUD involves many neurotransmitters， and the interaction between environment and genetic factors plays an important role in its occurrence and development. The molecular markers， pathogenesis and response to drug treatment of AUD still need more in-depth research. In view of the characteristics of AUD with high harm degree， relapse rate， and comorbidity rate， with the goal of preventing alcohol abuse， exploring effective interventions will help reduce the occurrence of AUD， which has important medical and social significance.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between hippocampal gap junction connexin Cx36 and cognitive dysfunction in post-stroke depression（ PSD） rats， and to explore the potential pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction of post-stroke depression. Methods A total of 42 rats were randomly divided into normal group， stroke group， depression group， PSD group， normal saline group， carbenoxolone（ CBX） group and all trans retinoic acid（ ATRA） group， with 6 rats in each group. The depression group was randomly given a chronic unpredictable mild stimulus every day and raised alone. The focal ischemic rat model was induced by injecting endothelin-1 into the motor cortex of stroke rats. PSD group， normal saline group， CBX group and ATRA group were superimposed with depression stimulation on the basis of stroke group to establish PSD model. At the same time of PSD modeling， PSD group did not intervene； In the normal saline group， 1 ml of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally every day； ATRA group received intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml ethanol and phosphate buffer（ 1∶9） with a concentration of 1 mg/ml every day； CBX group was injected intraperitoneally every day according to the standard of 20 mg/kg. On the 28th day after stroke， sucrose preference test， Morris water maze test and shuttle test were used to detect the loss of interest， spatial memory， learning-memory ability of rats to verify whether the PSD cognitive impairment model was successfully induced. RT-PCR experiment was used to detect the expression changes of Cx36 mRNA in rat hippocampus. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the changes of Cx36 protein expression and average fluorescence intensity in rat hippocampus. Results On the 28th day after operation， the body weight of the rats in the PSD group［ （257.05±4.74）g］ was significantly lower than that of the normal group［ （352.00±7.99）g］ and the stroke group［ （303.95±4.63）g］， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜ 0.05）. The drinking rate of sugar water in PSD group［ （61.92±3.12）%］ was lower than that in normal group［ （83.40±5.38）%］， stroke group［ （88.03±3.65）%］ and ATRA group［ （71.15±4.55）%］， higher than the CBX group［ （49.62±5.85）%］， and the difference was statistically significant（ P ＜ 0.05）. The Morris water maze latency［ （51.18±4.14）s］ in the PSD group was significantly higher than that in the normal group［ （9.05±2.22）s］， the stroke group ［（9.06±2.25）s］ and the ATRA group［ （32.92±2.29）s］ ， lower than the CBX group［ （91.13±3.27）s］， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜ 0.05）. The times of active escapes in the shuttle experiment in the PSD group［ （10.67±1.51） times］ was lower than that in the normal group［ （18.00±2.10） times］， the stroke group［ （16.5±1.87） times］ and the ATRA group［ （13.83±1.17） times］， Higher than CBX group［ （7.00±1.26） times］， and the difference was statistically significant（ P ＜ 0.05）. The relative expression of Cx36 mRNA in hippocampus of PSD group（ 0.50±0.03） was lower than that of normal group（ 1.04±0.07）， stroke group （1.07±0.10） and ATRA group（ 0.76±0.11）， but higher than that of CBX group（ 0.20±0.06）， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜ 0.05）. The relative expression of Cx36 protein in hippocampus of PSD group （0.60±0.07） was lower than that of normal group（ 0.86±0.05）， stroke group（ 0.88±0.03） and ATRA group （0.77±0.07）， but higher than that of CBX group（ 0.56±0.02）， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. The average fluorescence intensity of Cx36 protein in hippocampus of PSD group（ 0.60±0.07） was lower than that of normal group（ 1.00±0.03）， stroke group（ 0.97±0.03） and ATRA group（ 0.50±0.02）， but higher than that of CBX group（ 0.56±0.02）， and the difference was statistically significant（ P ＜ 0.05）；The mean fluorescence intensity of Cx36 protein in the hippocampus of the PSD group（ 0.36±0.03） was lower than that of the normal group（ 1.00±0.03）， the stroke group（ 0.97±0.03） and the ATRA group（ 0.50±0.02）， but higher than that of the CBX group（ 0.21±0.03）（P＜0.05）. Conclusions The expression of Cx36 protein in the hippocampus of PSD rats was decreased. CBX intervention could reduce the expression of Cx36 protein and aggravate the cognitive dysfunction of the rats. ATRA intervention could increase the expression of Cx36 protein and the cognitive dysfunction of the rats was slightly improved.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the changes in the importance of brain function network nodes in schizophrenic patients and unaffected first degree relatives under resting state. Methods The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging（ rs-fMRI） were collected from 26 schizophrenia patients（ schizophrenia group） admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from October 2016 to June 2019， 21 unaffected first-degree relatives（ schizophrenia relatives group） and 22 healthy controls（ normal control group） recruited during the same period. Symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale（ PANSS）. The voxel-based degree centrality（ DC） method was utilized to analyze the rs-fMRI data， and the variance analysis was used to compare the differences of DC values among the three groups. Finally， the correlation between the DC values in the different brain regions and the course and pathological characteristics of schizophrenia patients were analyzed. Results Compared with the healthy control group， there was significant difference in DC values of left amygdala and right superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia group and relative group（ F=16.433， 12.218； P＜ 0.01）. The DC value of the left amygdala in schizophrenia group and relative group was lower than that in the control group， and the DC value of the right superior frontal gyrus was higher than that in the control group， the difference was statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. In addition， the DC value of multiple brain regions is related to the course of the disease and the PANSS score of the schizophrenia group （P ＜ 0.01）. Conclusions There are differences in the DC values of the left amygdala and the right superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenic patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives under resting state， suggesting that there were abnormal local connections in the brain network between the schizophrenia group and the relatives.

Abstract:Objective To explore correlations between saccades and gait adaptability of patients with Parkinson disease（ PD） at early to middle stage under complex walking environment， then make further investigation on cognition affecting saccades. Methods A total number of 53 early to middle stage PD patients from Parkinson Medical Center of Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital from April 2019 to November 2019 and 25 healthy controls（ HCs） were recruited. The general clinical information of the subjects was collected， and the cognitive function of the patients was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination（ MMSE）， Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale（ MoCA）， Boston Naming Test（ BNT）， clock drawing test（ CDT） and Trail Making Test Parts A & B（ TMT-A/B）. All subjects underwent saccade tests by videonystagmography and six-item walking adaptability test（ C-Gait） by treadmills augmented with visual targets and obstacles（ C-Mill）. Results Compared with the control group， the average saccade movement latency prolonged and the average saccade speed slowed down in the PD group， however the difference was not statistically significant［ 222.45（ 190.47， 249.94） ms vs（ 220.83±36.86） ms； 416.05（ 362.29， 452.63）° /s vs（ 428.13±44.95）° /s； P＞ 0.05］. The saccade latency of the PD group was negatively correlated with the slalom task performance（ t=-2.282，P=0.027） and obstacle avoidance task performance（ t=-2.700， P=0.010）， with statistical significance. The time of TMT-A was correlated with saccade latency（ t=3.708， P=0.001）， with statistical significance. Conclusions The prolongation of saccade latency in PD patients is related to abnormal gait adaptability， and is one of the important factors affecting gait adaptability. The executive dysfunction in PD patients may influence the saccade latency.

Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between clinical characteristics and peripheral blood cell changes in male alcohol dependent patients. Methods A total of 88 male alcohol-dependent patients who were hospitalized in the Mental Health Center of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2020 to December 2020 were recruited as the alcohol dependence group. Another 88 male controls underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were assigned as the control group. Through the electronic medical record system， the patient's general condition and complete blood count results were reviewed， and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio（ PLR） was calculated. The differences of various indexes between the alcohol dependence group and the healthy control group were compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the whole blood cell count and PLR and the age of starting drinking， the time of addiction and the amount of alcohol consumed per day. Results The red blood cell count（ RBC）， hemoglobin（ Hb）， platelet count（ PLT） and lymphocyte count（ LYM） of the alcohol dependence group were significant lower than those of the HC group， while The white blood cell count（ WBC） and mean red blood cell volume（ MCV） of the alcohol-dependent group were higher than those of the control group， and all the differences were statistically significant（ t=-6.454，-4.117，-6.454，-4.117，3.052，14.131； P ＜ 0.05）. There was no statistical difference on PLR between the two groups（ t=0.343， P ＞ 0.05）. PLT was significantly negatively correlated with age of onset（ r=-0.282， P ＜ 0.01）. PLT and PLR were positively correlated with duration of alcohol dependence（ r=0.241， 0.214； P＜0.05）. LYM and WBC were positively correlated with daily alcohol consumption（r=0.214， 0.222； P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions PLT， LYM， WBC and PLR are expected to be used as biomarkers to evaluate the duration in male patients with alcohol dependence.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2（ ALDH2） gene polymorphism on cognitive function in people with high or low drinking risk. Methods From April to December 2016， the drinking population from 10 units in 4 towns in Gaocheng District， Shijiazhuang， Hebei Province and who have participated in the entry physical examination in Gaocheng People's Hospital were investigated. According to the WHO Recommended Alcohol Use Disorder Screening Scale（ AUDIT）， 1 114 subjects were divided into two groups： high-risk drinking group（ AUDIT score ≥ 8 points， n=509） and low-risk drinking group（ AUDIT score ＜8 points， n=605）. DNA was extracted from 200 blood samples randomly from each group for rs671 locus of ALDH2 gene polymorphism analysis. The cognitive function status of the two groups was analyzed using the Simple Visual Spatial Memory Test（ BVMT-R）， the Hopkins Vocabulary Learning Test（ HVLT-R）， the Digital Sign Test（ SDMT）， and the Digital Breadth Test（ DS）. Results The total score of HVLT-R， the score of 2nd test and the score of SDMT of the high-risk drinking group［ （22.53±5.54），（ 7.75±2.25），（ 52.33±14.16）， respectively］ were all lower than those of the low-risk drinking group［ （24.10±5.44），（ 8.37±2.00）， （55.91±13.07）， respectively］（ P ＜ 0.05）. The wild homozygous GG genotype ratio of the high-risk drinking group was higher than that of the low-risk drinking group［ 86.67%（169/195） vs. 64.13%（118/184）， P＜0.05］. The drinking group and genotype have interactions in the BVMT-R total score， score of the second tests， and score of the third tests（ P ＜ 0.05）. The cognitive function of the low-risk drinkers was related with the rs671 gene polymorphism， in which the total HVLT-R score and the scores of test 2 and test 3， and the total BVMT-R score and the scores of test 2 and test 3 of the GG（ wild homozygous） subjects［ （24.70±5.68），（8.58±2.26）， （9.65±2.09），（26.51±7.03），（9.37±2.78），（10.70±2.12）， respectively］ were higher than those of the GA and AA subjects［ （23.03±4.83），（7.98±1.83），（9.12±1.90），（24.30±6.52），（8.65±2.43），（10.00±2.35）， respectively］. Conclusions High-risk drinking is associated with a decrease in learning， memory， and related information processing speed. The cognitive function of low-risk drinkers is related to the polymorphism of ALDH2 gene， and the impairment of word learning， memory， and visual learning function is significant in mutant ALDH2 gene carriers.

Abstract:

Abstract:Objective To compare the effects of L-glutamic acid on cell viability and cell morphology of HT22 and SY5Y with different treatment times and concentration， so as to provide reference for the construction of cell injury model induced by L-glutamate. Methods HT22 and SY5Y cells were treated with 0， 0.25， 0.5， 1， 2， 5， 10， 15， 20， 25 mmol/L L-glutamate. After 24 hours， MTT and CCK8 methods were used to detect the activity of the two cells， and the leakage rate of lactate dehydrogenase（ LDH） in the cell culture medium was detected to observe the cell death. SY5Y cells and HT22 cells were treated with L-glutamate at different concentrations of 10 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L for 0， 2， 4， 8， 12， 18， 24， 36 and 48 hours. The effects of L-glutamate on the activity of SY5Y cells and HT22 cells at different incubation times were studied by MTT and CCK8 methods， and the morphological damage of L-glutamate was observed by the microscope. Results When the concentration of L-glutamate was 1， 2， 5， 10， 15， 20， 25 mmol/L， the activity of SY5Y and HT22 cells was lower than 0 mmol/L（ P＜ 0.05）； SY5Y and HT22 cells were treated with 10 and 5 mmol/L L-glutamate respectively. The activity of the two cells was lower than 0 h at 4， 8， 12， 18， 24， 36 and 48 h（ P ＜ 0.05）.When SY5Y cells were treated with 2， 10， 15， 20 and 25 mmol/L L-glutamate for 24 hours， the leakage rate of LDH was higher than 0 mmol/L（ P＜0.05）； The leakage rate of LDH in HT22 cells treated with 1， 2， 5， 20 and 25 mmol/L L-glutamate for 24 hours was higher than 0 mmol/L（ P＜0.05）. The cell activity of SY5Y cells treated with 10 mmol/L L-glutamate for 24 hours was（ 82.80±9.71）% by MTT assay， and the cell morphology showed mild damage. After HT22 cells were treated with 5 mmol/L L-glutamate for 24 hours， the cell activity was（ 72.01±5.33）%， and the cell morphology showed mild damage. Conclusions Treating HT22 cells with 5 mmol/L L-glutamate for 24 hours is an ideal modeling condition for HT22 cells， and treating SY5Y cells with 10 mmol/L L-glutamate for 24 hours is the ideal condition for SY5Y cells， which provides an experimental condition reference for the application of L-glutamate injury cell model to study the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the efficacy of different treatments of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（ rTMS） on post stroke attention deficits and the effects on neuroelectrophysiological indexes. Methods A total of 90 patients with post-stroke attention disorder hospitalized in the Neurological Rehabilitation Department of Xuzhou Central Hospital from June 2020 to June 2021 were selected as the research objects. They were randomly divided into alternate group， high frequency group and control group， with 30 cases in each group. On the basis of conventional rehabilitation treatment for all patients， the alternate group was treated with 1 Hz and 5 Hz rTMS alternately， the high frequency group was treated with 5 Hz rTMS， and the control group was given rTMS sham stimulation. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment（ MoCA）， the Digital Span Test， the Letter Deletion Test， and the Event-Related Potential P300 were assessed before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results The MoCA score， digit span test score and attention persistence index of the three groups after treatment were higher than those before treatment. In addition， P300 latency was shorter than that before treatment， and P300 amplitude was higher than that before treatment， the differences were statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. The difference of MoCA score， attention persistence index and positive DST score in the alternate group and high frequency group before and after treatment were higher than those in the control group［ 3.50（ 1.75， 4.25） and 2.50（ 2.00， 4.00） vs 2.00（ 1.00， 2.25）； 0.50（ 0.30， 0.63） and 0.30（ 0.18， 0.50） vs 0.19（ 0.10， 0.29）； 2.00（ 1.00， 2.00） and 2.00（ 1.00， 2.00） vs 1.00（ 0， 1.00）］， and the differences were statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. Among them， the difference of attention persistence index［ 0.50（ 0.30， 0.63）］ in the alternate group was significantly higher than that in the high frequency group［ 0.30（ 0.18， 0.50）］， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. The difference of attention persistence index before and after treatment was negatively correlated with the difference of P300 latency（ r=-0.343， P ＜ 0.01）， and positively correlated with the difference of P300 amplitude（ r=0.425， P＜0.01）. Conclusions Both alternating and highfrequency treatments can improve attention in patients with post stroke disturbance of attention. The alternating treatment is more effective for sustained attention deficits， and P300 can be used as an index to assess the efficacy of sustained attention.

Abstract:Objective To compare the differences in sex hormone levels among common first-episode psychiatric diseases at baseline. Methods A retrospective survey of 514 inpatients from Suzhou Guangji Hospital with first-episode psychiatric diseases from January 2012 to December 2017 was conducted. Among which， there were 266 schizophrenia patients， 95 bipolar disorder patients and 198 depression patients. Demographic data and the baseline levels of luteinizing hormone（ LH2）， follicle stimulating hormone（ FSH）， prolactin（ PRL）， estrogen（ E2） and testosterone（ TES） were collected. Multiple logistic regression was used to control the confounding factors， and the differences of sex hormone secretion among the three groups were analyzed and compared. Results Before multi-factor adjustment， there were statistical differences LH2， FSH， PRL， E2 and TES between first-episode schizophrenia and depression（ P＜ 0.05）； there was only significant difference in PRL level between patients with bipolar disorder and depression（ P=0.027）； there was no significant difference in the levels of five sex hormones between patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder（ P＞0.05）. In the multivariate adjusted regression model， the analysis of five sex hormones as continuous variables showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of various sex hormones among the three groups（ P＞0.05）. Taking five sex hormones as categorical variables， schizophrenia is more likely to have abnormal secretion of PRL（ OR=2.038， 95%CI=1.250-3.324， P=0.004） and TES（ OR=2.015，95%CI=1.024-3.964，P=0.042） than depression， and bipolar disorder is more likely to have abnormal secretion of PRL（ OR=1.996， 95%CI=1.103- 3.611， P=0.022） than depression. Conclusions There was no significant difference in the levels of various sex hormones among the three common first-episode psychiatric diseases， but compared with depression， patients with schizophrenia were more likely to have abnormal secretion of PRL and TES， and patients with bipolar disorder were more likely to have abnormal secretion of PRL.

Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between suicidal attempt（ SA） and clinical characteristics in adolescent patients with mood disorders with non-suicidal self injury（ NSSI） behavior. Methods A total of 80 adolescent mood disorder patients aged 13-19 years were enrolled from inpatient unit of Beijing Anding Hospital from December 2020 to August 2021. Those patients with a history of NSSI were included in this analysis for a cross-sectional investigation. The self-designed general information questionnaire， adolescent NSSI behavior questionnaire， Simple Coping Style Questionnaire（ SCSQ）， Chinese version of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule（ PANAS） and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire（ CTQ） were used in the evaluation. According to presence or absence of a history of SA in the last year， the patients were divided into two groups： the NSSI group（ n=33） and the NSSI+SA group（ n=47）. The variables with statistical significance in univariate analysis were incorporated into the multivariate Logistic regression model for analysis. Results Univariate analysis showed that the proportion of patients under 16 years old（ including 16 years old）， female， relapse patients， first episode age under 14 years old， NSSI frequency over 40 times（ including 40 times） in NSSI+SA group was higher than that in NSSI group， and the score of emotional abuse was higher than that in NSSI group， the differences were statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. The proportion of patients who hit hard objects with fists in NSSI group was higher than that in NSSI + SA group, and the proportion of patients who cut with blades was lower than that in NSSI+SA group（ P ＜ 0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that younger age（ ≤16 years old）， the method of knife cutting， high frequency of NSSI（ ≥40 times）， and recurrence were significant influencing factors for the co-occurrence of NSSI+SA. Conclusions The incidence of SA in adolescent mood disorder patients with NSSI is high， and SA more likely to occur in patients with lower age， self-injury by cutting， high frequency of self-injury and recurrence.

Abstract:Catatonia in children and adolescents can occur in many physical and mental diseases. Insufficient diagnosis will lead to delayed treatment. This paper reviews the research progress of epidemiology， pathogenesis， clinical characteristics， concomitant diseases， differential diagnosis and treatment of catatonia in children and adolescents， so as to improve the understanding of catatonia in children and adolescents for early identification and treatment and prognosis improvement.

Abstract:Inflammatory bowel diseases（ IBD） are always accompanied by a series of neurological complications， including peripheral neuropathy， cerebrovascular diseases， demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system， migraine， etc. Recent studies demonstrated that the cognitive function of IBD patients is significantly impaired than that of healthy people. However， IBD-related cognitive impairment is little known. This review aims to explore the pathogenesis， clinical manifestation， examination and treatment strategy of IBD-related cognitive impairment， which may contribute to enhance clinicians' knowledge and understanding of these diseases， furthermore， provide a novel target and orientation for their prevention and therapy.