Abstract:Transcranial magnetic stimulation （TMS）， as a common therapeutic technique for major depression， has been fully confirmed regarding to its efficacy and safety. Whereas a proportion of patients with depression do not respond to standard TMS. This may be due to the high heterogeneity of individual brain structure and function in patients with depressive disorders， resulting in patients' insensitivity to TMS with traditional localization and fixed parameters. Currently， neuroimaging and neuro-electrophysiological techniques have been applied to the localization of TMS stimulation targets to realize the individualization of TMS treatment and improve the outcomes. This review summarizes the individualized treatment protocols in current studies， in order to provide ideas for the clinical precision treatment of TMS

Abstract:Objective To construct dopamine D2 receptor （D2R） gene low expression model in rat MMQ cells by RNA interference （RNAi） technique. Methods Three fragments of small interfering RNA （siRNA） were designed， which could induce decrease in D2R mRNA expression，then the plasmid was constructed to transfect the MMQ cells， and siRNA1， siRNA2， siRNA3， nontarget siRNA （siNT）， normal control （CTRL） groups were established. The expression of D2R protein was detected by Western blot. High interference expression cell line was chosen， and then adding bromocriptine （1 μmol/L）. Secretion of prolactin， relative expression of prolactin and prolactin mRNA level in MMQ cells after interference were observed by ELISA， Western blot， qRT-PCR. Results The relative expression levels of D2R protein was significantly different among the 5 groups （F=19.936，P＜ 0.001）. Among them， the relative expression levels of D2R protein in MMQ cells of siRNA1 and siRNA3 groups ［（0.23±0.12）， （0.57±0.24）］ were significantly different from those of siNT group （0.81±0.24） and CTRL group （0.94±0.21）（all P＜ 0.05）. siRNA1 and siRNA3 groups inhibited the repression of D2R protein in MMQ cells by 74% and 35%， respectively. After interference， there were statistically significant differences in secretion of prolactin， relative expression of prolactin and prolactin mRNA level of MMQ cells among the siRNA group， CTRL group and siNT group （F=10.898，7.485，7.898， all P＜ 0.05）. The secretion of prolactin of siRNA group was higher than that of siNT group and CTRL group ［（2.91±0.12） ng/ml vs （2.14±0.15） ng/ml， （2.09±0.44） ng/ml］. The relative expression of prolactin protein of siRNA group was higher than that of siNT group and CTRL group［（0.99±0.67）vs （0.85±0.13）， （0.82±0.12）］. The prolactin mRNA level of siRNA group was higher than that of siNT group and CTRL group ［（1.00±0.07） vs （0.69±0.09）， （0.73±0.14）］. All the differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The constructed hyperprolact in MMQ cell model with low D2R expression by RNAi provides a reliable cell model for the target study of target drugs in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia

Abstract:Objective To explore the changes of helper T lymphocytes （Th）1 and Th2 subtypes in patients with depression and their relationships with the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. Methods A total of 37 patients with depression treated in Beijing Anding Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from October 2020 to December 2021 were selected as depression group. Another 39 healthy individuals whose age and gender matched were enrolled as the control group. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale （HAMD-17） was used to evaluate the disease severity of the patients. The reduction rate of HAMD-17 score before and after treatment was calculated. It was treatment response if the score reduction rate is equal or higher than 50%， otherwise it was treatment non-response. The proportion of Th1 and Th2 cells in peripheral blood of all subjects was detected by flow cytometry， and the differences of Th1 and Th2 cell ratio between depression group and control group was compared before treatment. Patients with depression were treated with antidepressants for 8- 12 weeks. The proportion of Th cells in the treatment response group and the treatment non-response group were compared before and after treatment. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the proportion of Th cell subsets and HAMD-17 score. Results The proportion of Th1 cells in depression group was （43.61±24.27）% before treatment， which was higher than that in control group （26.13±18.56）%. The difference was statistically significant （t=-3.538， P＜ 0.01）. After antidepressant treatment， the total score of HAMD-17 in the depression group was （10.73±7.02）， lower than that before treatment （20.68±4.24）， and the difference was statistically significant （t=8.566， P＜ 0.01）. A total of 31 patients completed the detection of Th cells after treatment. The patients were divided into treatment non-response group （13 cases） and treatment response group （18 cases）. Repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that the interaction of group and time had a statistically significant effect on the proportion of Th1 cells （F=7.306， P=0.011）； The proportion of Th1 cells in the treatment non-response group before treatment was higher than that in the treatment response group ［（7.19±1.62） vs （5.31±2.38）］， and lower than that before treatment ［（4.29±2.10） vs （7.19±1.62）］， the difference was statistically significant （all P ＜ 0.01）. Correlation analysis showed that the score reduction rate of HAMD-17 in patients with depression before and after treatment was negatively correlated with the proportion of Th1 cells before treatment （r=-0.429， P=0.008）， negatively correlated with the ratio of Th2/Th1 cells before and after treatment （r=-0.357， P=0.048）， and positively correlated with the proportion of Th1 cells before and after treatment （r=0.591， P＜ 0.001）. Conclusions The detection of Th1 cell proportion in peripheral blood is helpful for early prediction of the antidepressant efficacy in patients with depression.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the characteristics of regional homogeneity （ReHo） changes in the resting state of brain regions in melancholic depression. Methods A total of 26 patients with melancholic depression attending the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from February 2019 to December 2021， and 20 healthy controls were included. All the subjects underwent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging， and the ReHo differences between the two groups were compared. The general data of subjects were collected by self-made affective disorder observation form， and the depression status of MD group was evaluated by 17 item Hamilton Depression Scale （HAMD-17）. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between ReHo value and HAMD-17 score in different brain regions of MD patients. Results The ReHo values of left fusiform gyrus， putamen and middle occipital gyrus / inferior occipital gyrus in MD group were significantly lower than those in the control group， and the differences were statistically significant （t=-6.392， -4.540， -5.786； P ＜ 0.05）. The ReHo values of the right superior frontal gyrus， precuneus and left middle frontal gyrus / anterior central gyrus in MD group were significantly higher than those in the control group， and the differences were statistically significant （t=4.796， 5.185， 5.111； P ＜ 0.05）. The decrease of ReHo value in left fusiform gyrus in MD group was positively correlated with block symptoms （r=0.397， P＜ 0.05）. The increase of ReHo value in the right precuneus was negatively correlated with HAMD-17 score， block symptoms and sleep disorders （r=-0.452， -0.446， -0.411； P ＜ 0.05）. After further controlling the confounding factors， partial correlation analysis showed that the ReHo value of left fusiform gyrus was positively correlated with blocking symptoms （r=0.437， P＜ 0.05）， and the ReHo value of right precuneus was negatively correlated with HAMD-17 score and sleep disorder （r=-0.568，-0.500； P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions There are spontaneous brain activity abnormalities in multiple brain regions of MD patients， involving default network and reward circuit， which are related to the severity of depression， blocking symptoms and sleep disorders.

Abstract:Objective To explore the influence of different dimensions of chronic stress on objective sleep structure of patients with depression. Methods Using the convenient sampling method， a total of 101 patients with depression treated in the Department of Psychiatry of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University， from December 2018 to August 2019， were enrolled to complete the examination of Life Event Scale （LES） and Polysomnography （PSG）. According to LES score，the subjects were divided into chronic stress group （n=70） and non-chronic stress group（n=31）. According to the number， nature and intensity of stress events，the chronic stress group was further divided into high total stress group and low total stress group， high positive stress group and low positive stress group， high negative stress group and low negative stress group， with 35 cases in each group. The differences of PSG results among the groups were compared. Results There was significant difference in the number of microarousal ［74.0 （46.3，112.3） times vs 58.0 （28.0， 92.0） times］ and microarousal index ［11.7 （7.3， 16.4） times/h vs 9.2 （4.6， 12.8）times/h］ between chronic stress group and non-chronic stress group （Z=-2.103，-2.113；P＜ 0.05）. There was significant difference in the proportions of non-rapid eye movement （NREM） 3 ［0（0，3.75）% vs 13.5（0，35.0）%］ between the high total stress group and low total stress group （Z=-3.100， P ＜ 0.01）. The apnea-hypopnea index （AHI） ［0.1（0，0.9） times/h vs 0.8（0.1， 9.9） times/h］， the number of hypoventilations ［1.0（0，4.0） times vs 5.0（0， 50.5） times］， and the number of apnea + hypoventilation ［1.0（0，6.5） times vs 5.0（0， 67.0） times］ were significantly different between the high positive stress group and the low positive stress group （Z=-2.351， -2.631， -2.227； P＜ 0.05）. The proportion of rapid eye movement （REM） phase ［13.4（7.3，17.9）% vs 8.2（2.9，15.3）%］， the proportion of NREM phase 3［0 （0，5.5）% vs 6.5（0，34.8）%］， the number of hypoventilation ［1.0（0，4.5） times vs 6.0（0.5，43.0） times］， the number of apnea + hypoventilation ［1.0（0， 5.0） times vs 7.0（0.5，47.0） times］， and the comparison of AHI ［0.1（0，0.8） times/h vs 1.6（0.1，9.9） times/h］were significantly different between the high negative stress group and the low negative stress group（Z=-1.968，-2.428，-2.498，-2.161，-2.088； P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Chronic stress can lead to the increase of sleep microarousal and the decrease of NREM phase 3 proportion in patients with depression. High intensity negative stress is more likely to increase the proportion of REM phase and decrease the proportion of NREM phase 3. High stress intensity may reduce AHI in patients with depression.

Abstract:Objective To explore the difference of white matter volume between depression patients with or without suicidal ideation， and those of healthy control group. Methods A total of 60 inpatients with depression in the Depressive Disorder Department of Shenzhen Kangning Hospital were enrolled from January to August 2021. The patients were divided into depression group with suicidal ideation （n=30） and depression group without suicidal ideation （n=30） through the score of Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation （BSSI）. 30 healthy controls were also selected as control group （n=30）. Structural magnetic resonance scanning was performed within one week after admission for all depression inpatients. In addition， the degree of depression and anxiety was assessed by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale （HAMD-17） and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale （HAMA）. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the volume of different brain regions and HAMD- 17 score， HAMA score and total course of disease. Results There was statistically significant difference in the relative white matter volume of the three groups （F=3.173， P＜ 0.05）. The relative volume of white matter in the depression with suicidal ideation group was smaller than that in the healthy control group ［（32.35±1.80）cm3 vs （33.50±1.96） cm3 ］. The difference is statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. The white matter volume of superior cerebellar lobe （right cerebellar region 1） and inferior cerebellar lobe （right cerebellar region 2， 7b and 8） in depression without suicidal ideation group was larger than that in healthy control group， the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The volume of white matter in the inferior cerebellar lobe （right cerebellar region 2 and 8） in depression with suicidal ideation group was larger than that in the healthy control group and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The volume of white matter in right superior temporal gyrus， left insula， right thalamus， right anterior central gyrus and left anterior central gyrus in depression with suicidal ideation group was smaller than that in healthy control group. The difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Pearson correlation analysis results showed that the white matter volume of the inferior cerebellum lobe （right cerebellar region 7b and 8） was negatively correlated with HAMA score （r=-0.419， P=0.021）； the white matter volume of the right superior temporal gyrus was positively correlated with HAMD-17 score （r=0.377， P=0.04）， and the white matter volume of the right thalamus was negatively correlated with the overall course of disease （r=-0.368， P=0.046）. Conclusions The white matter structure of depression patients with or without suicidal ideation has extensive changes， mainly in cerebellum， temporal lobe， insula， thalamus and anterior central gyrus. The changes of white matter volume in temporal lobe， insula， thalamus and anterior central gyrus may be related to the occurrence of suicidal ideation

Abstract:Objective To investigate the severities and correlated factors of psychological disturbances among Beijing Psychological Support Hotline callers. Methods From January 2020 to June 2020， all the callers of Beijing Psychological Support Hotline were recruited. Demographic characteristics， psychological disturbances （including psychological distress， hopelessness， and depression）， and socio-psychological characteristics of the callers were collected by operators. Multivariable Logistic regression was used to select the correlative factors of the severities of psychological disturbances. Results Among the 9 249 recruited callers， 66.8% （6 174/9 249） were females， 46.3% （4 279/9 249） were students. Psychological distress， hopelessness， and depression were the top serious problems， with the median scores of 80， 70 and 67 respectively. After demographic variables were adjusted， financial difficulties （OR=1.94， 95%CI：1.48-2.53； OR=1.92， 95%CI： 1.48-2.50） and suicide attempt history （OR=1.79， 95%CI：1.57-2.04； OR=2.32， 95%CI：2.04-2.63） were main correlated factors of the high levels of psychological distress and hopelessness （P＜ 0.01）. Chronic negative life events （OR=2.30， 95%CI：2.04-2.59）， substance misuse （OR=1.99， 95%CI：1.62-2.45） and suicide attempt history （OR=1.97， 95%CI：1.77-2.22） were main correlated factors of severe depression （P ＜ 0.01）. Conclusions The psychological disturbances of Beijing Psychological Support Hotline callers are generally severe. Financial difficulties， suicide attempt histories and chronic negative life events have strong correlations with psychological distress， hopelessness， and depression. The main correlative factors of different psychological disturbances are different.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the related factors of high suicide risk in female inpatients with bipolar disorder （BD）. Methods The medical records of 378 female BD inpatients in Beijing Anding Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from April 2010 to June 2019 were collected. Patients were divided into low suicide risk group （n=220） and high suicide risk group （n=158） according to their suicide risk. The differences of general demographic data and clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared. Binomial Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors of high suicide risk in female BD inpatients. Results Compared with the low suicide risk group， the patients in the high suicide risk group had significantly reduced length of hospital stay，younger age of first onset and younger age of first depressive episode，increased total number of episodes and number of depressive episodes，decreased number of manic episodes， increased proportion of patients with onset symptoms of depression and bipolar Ⅱ disorder （BD-Ⅱ）， and lower proportion of patients with psychotic symptoms， and the differences were statistically significant （all P ＜ 0.05）. Binomial Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of depressive episodes （OR=1.56， 95%CI=1.32-1.83）， types of BD （OR=2.30， 95%CI=1.16-4.58） and with or without psychotic symptoms （OR=0.56， 95%CI=0.35-0.90） were related to the high suicide risk in female patients with BD （P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The frequent depressive episodes， BD- Ⅱ and without psychotic symptoms were the factors influencing the high risk of suicide in female patients with BD.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression， childhood corporal punishment experience， and life satisfaction of college students. Methods From April to May 2019， a questionnaire survey was conducted among all freshmen and sophomores of some majors in two universities in Harbin by convenient sampling method. The questionnaire includes general situation， Chinese Adolescent Student Life Satisfaction Scale（CASLSS）， Self-rating Anxiety Scale （SAS）， Self-rating Depression Scale （SDS） and Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale（CTSPC）. Binomial Logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of College Students' anxiety， depression， corporal punishment experience before the age of 10 and general demographic characteristics on life satisfaction. A total of 2 440 questionnaires were distributed and 2 150 valid questionnaires were recovered. The effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 88.11%. Results The overall CASLSS score of 2 150 college students was 190（165，210）. Except academic dimension， the total score of CASLSS and the scores of all dimensions of female college students were higher than those of male college students. The difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The total score and each dimension score of CASLSS of college students with anxiety， depression and corporal punishment experience before 10 years old were lower than those without anxiety， depression nor corporal punishment experience before 10 years old. The differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.01）. Binominal Logistic regression analysis showed that anxiety status （OR=2.108， 95%CI=1.472-3.020）， depression（OR=5.831， 95%CI=4.595-7.398）， corporal punishment before 10 years old （OR=2.249， 95%CI=1.849-2.736）， male （OR=1.393， 95%CI=1.149- 1.689） were the risk factors of college life satisfaction （P ＜ 0.05）. High family monthly income （OR=0.789， 95%CI=0.697-0.892） was a protection factor of college students' life satisfaction. Conclusions The life satisfaction of college students with anxiety， depression and corporal punishment in childhood is low. Therefore， the intervention of anxiety and depression should be strengthened to improve the life satisfaction of college students.

Abstract:Cognitive control disorder is an important field in mental health related research in recent years. However， its etiology and mechanism are not very clear. Cognitive dual control theory includes proactive control and reactive control. Proactive control refers to the expected maintenance of target related information， while reactive control is a correction mechanism. Mental disorders often have cognitive control disorders. We review the recent research progress of dual control theory， hoping to provide reference information for further research in the future.

Abstract:Parkinson disease is a common degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Pain is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson disease， with a prevalence of 40%-85%. Pain symptoms seriously affect the quality of life of patients with Parkinson disease， and its mechanism is complex. In the neurodegenerative process of Parkinson disease， the degree of neuronal loss in locus coeruleus is greater and earlier than that in substantia nigra compacta. Locus coeruleus contains the largest group of noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. Noradrenergic neurons provide a wide range of nerves throughout the brain to dominate and participate in the internal control of pain. This paper mainly introduces the research progress on the pathological mechanism of pain mediated by noradrenergic system injury in locus coeruleus in Parkinson disease

Abstract:Moyamoya disease is a cerebrovascular disease in which the terminal ends of the internal carotid arteries and their branches are gradually progressively stenosis and occlusion on cerebrovascular angiography， as well as smoke-like vascular proliferation. Some patients have stenosis or occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery. Genetic factors are involved in the occurrence and progression of this disease. The ring finger protein 213 （RNF213） gene is the main susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease. The polymorphism of this gene is associated with the patient's age of onset， family history， distribution of affected blood vessels， form of onset， and formation of collateral circulation. This gene is expected to become a nucleic acid marker for different phenotypes of moyamoya disease， so that clinical workers can take appropriate intervention measures in time. This article reviews the research progress of RNF213 gene and clinical phenotype of moyamoya disease.