Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between parenting style， moral judgment ability and perfectionism degree of obsessive-compulsive disorder （OCD） patients， and to compare the differences between the patients and healthy people. Methods A total of 100 patients with OCD in the psychology outpatient department of a 3A hospital in Beijing from January to October 2021 were selected by convenience sampling method as study group. At the same time， 100 healthy controls were recruited as the control group. The Chinese standard version of Moral Judgment Test （MJT）， Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran （EMBU） and Chinese version of Frost's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale （FMPS-C） were used to compare the differences of moral judgment ability， parenting style and perfectionism degree between the two groups. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the relationship among parental rearing style， perfectionism， and moral judgment ability of OCD patients. Results The score of FMPS-C non adaptability dimension in the study group was higher than that in the control group ［（76.2±7.3） vs （58.3±12.6）］. The scores of FMPS-C adaptability dimension and Chinese standard version of MJT in the study group were lower than those of the control group ［（18.5±3.1） vs （23.8±4.7），（9.5±1.7） vs （14.7±6.3）］. The differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.01）. The scores of father's punishment， severity， excessive interference， refusal， denial and overprotection factors in EMBU of the study group were higher than those of the control group， and the differences were statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. The scores of excessive interference and protection， refusal， denial， punishment and severity of mothers were higher than those of the control group， and the differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Excessive intervention and protection， refusal， denial， punishment and severity of mothers of OCD patients were positively correlated with the degree of nonadaptive perfectionism （r=0.954， 0.412， 0.419； P＜ 0.01）， and negatively correlated with moral judgment ability （r=-0.853， -0.244， -0.358； P＜ 0.05）. Punishment， severity， excessive interference， refusal， denial， and excessive protection of fathers of OCD patients were positively correlated with the degree of nonadaptive perfectionism （r=0.304， 0.240， 0.690， 0.248； P＜0.05）. Father's refusal and denial were negatively correlated with moral judgment （r=-0.717， P＜ 0.01）. The excessive intervention and protection， refusal and denial， punishment and severity of mothers， and refusal and denial of fathers partially mediate the moral judgment ability through the degree of nonadaptive perfectionism （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The moral judgment ability of patients with OCD was lower than that of healthy people； Parents' excessive control， denial， punishment and other parenting styles and nonadaptive perfectionism were higher than those of healthy people. Parenting style partially affects the moral judgment ability of OCD patients through the degree of nonadaptive perfectionism.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between catecholamine oxygen methyltransferase （COMT） gene polymorphism and psychosocial factors and depression with chronic pain. Methods From January 2018 to December 2019， a total of 292 patients were included in the outpatient and inpatient treatment of the clinical psychology and pain department of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Fasting venous blood was drawn from all the patients. Screen the COMT gene rs6269 and rs4633 for single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） by TaqMan SNP genotyping and sequencing method. According to whether depression was accompanied by chronic pain was divided into study group （141 cases） and control group （151 cases）. The general information， COMT gene polymorphism， Social Support Rating Scale （SSRS）， Self-Identity Scale （SIS） and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire （SCSQ） scores of the two groups were compared. The Global Pain Assessment Scale （GPS） was used to assess the degree of pain in patients with chronic pain. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of depression patients with chronic pain. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between psychosocial factors and the degree of pain in patients with depression and chronic pain. Results There was significant difference in gender and education between the two groups （P＜ 0.05）. The positive coping scores in the study group's SIS， SSRS， and SCSQ scales were lower than those in the control group， and the negative coping scores were higher than those in the control group. The difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.01）. The frequency of the A allele at locus rs6269 of the COMT gene in the study group was higher than that in the control group， and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Multivariate Logistics regression analysis showed higher SIS score （OR=0.822， 95%CI=0.749- 0.903）， higher SSRS scores （OR=0.775， 95%CI=0.704-0.855） and higher positive coping scores in SCSQ （OR=0.001， 95%CI= ＜ 0.001-0.011）were protective factors for depression with chronic pain （P ＜ 0.05）. Female （OR=16.557， 95%CI=2.364-115.936）， education level of elementary school and below （OR=43.380， 95%CI=4.297-437.978）， lower negative coping scores in SCSQ （OR=187.293， 95%CI=10.826-3 240.198） and higher frequency of the A allele at position rs6269 of the COMT gene （OR=2.442， 95%CI=1.235-4.828） were risk factors for depression with chronic pain （P ＜ 0.05）. Pearson correlation analysis showed that SIS scores， SSRS scores， and SCSQ positive coping scores were negatively correlated with GPS scores （r=-0.689，-0.677， -0.736； P ＜ 0.05）， and were positively correlated with the mean score of negative coping in SCSQ （r=0.811， P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The frequency of A allele at rs6269 of COMT gene is correlated with depression and chronic pain； meanwhile， there is a certain correlation between the psychosocial state and chronic pain symptoms in patients with depression.

Abstract:Objective To compare the recognition ability of different prodromal symptoms of bipolar disorder （BD） among BD patients and their caregivers. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted on 80 non-acute BD patients admitted to the outpatient and inpatient departments of Beijing Anding Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from March 2015 to September 2018 and 80 family members （caregivers/ guardians） who had close contact with the patients. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all the study object using Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective （BPSS-R） scale， to compare the recognition ability of prodromal symptoms between the patients and caregivers. Results Of the 80 patients， 73.8% （59/80） were BD-Ⅰ and 26.2% （21/80） were BD-Ⅱ， 35.0% （28/80） were female， 38.8% （31/80） of the patients had the first symptom of depression with （7.1±3.4） months' duration of the prodromal episode， 61.2% （49/80） of the patients had the first symptom of （hypo） mania with （6.1±3.6） months' duration of the prodromal episode. When the first episode of depression occurred， the recognition rates of family members for social isolation， academic and occupational dysfunction， anxiety or nervousness， trouble concentration， strange or unusual ideas were higher than that of the patients， and the severity of educational and occupational dysfunction was higher than that of the patients， and the differences were statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Within the first episode of （hypo） mania， the recognition rates of family members for social isolation， anxiety or nervousness， physically slowed down， insomnia， weight loss or decreasing in appetite， reduction of enjoyment or interest were higher than that of the patients， and the differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Regardless of whether the first episode was depression or （hypo）mania， the patients' recognition rate of depression was significantly higher than that of caregivers （P ＜ 0.01）. Conclusions There are differences in the recognition ability of bipolar prodromal symptoms between patients with BD and their families. The recognition ability of family members for prodromal symptoms in multiple dimensions other than depression is higher than that of patients.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the difference of brain function stability among patients with bipolar disorder （BD） in remission （EP）， patients with BD depression （DP） and healthy controls. Methods A total of 56 patients with BD treated in Beijing Anding Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from February 2009 to June 2016 were selected as the study group， and were divided into EP group （n=30） and DP group （n=26） according to their emotional state. Another 71 healthy controls matched with patients in the study group were recruited as the healthy control group. The degree of depression among EP group， DP group and healthy control group were compared by Hamilton Depression Scale （HAMD-17）. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） data of all subjects were collected. DPABI software was used to preprocess the data and calculate the functional stability index， to compare the differences of the three groups of functional stability. Repeated verification was carried out using different window width， step size and window type. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the functional stability of the right posterior cerebellar lobe and the total score of HAMD-17. Results The total score of HAMD-17 in the EP group， the DP group， and the healthy control group was ［2.00 （0，4.00） points vs 14.00 （10.75，19.50） points vs 0 （0，1.00） points］， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.01）. The functional stability of the right posterior cerebellar lobe of the three groups of subjects with different window width / step size / window type was compared， and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The functional stability of the right posterior cerebellar lobe in EP group was significantly lower than that in DP group and healthy control group （P ＜ 0.05）. There was no statistical significance in the difference of functional stability between DP group and healthy control group （P ＞ 0.05）. There was no correlation between the functional stability of the right posterior cerebellar lobe and the total score of HAMD-17 in the study group， EP group and DP group （P＞ 0.05）. Conclusions EP and DP patients show different brain function activity patterns， only EP patients show decreased functional stability of the right posterior cerebellar lobe.

Abstract:Objective To study the characteristics of DNA methylation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） using gene chip technology， and explore the role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Methods From October 2018 to May 2019， 8 children and adolescents aged 8 to 16， who were diagnosed with ADHD in the outpatient department of Beijing Anding Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were randomly selected as the ADHD group. 8 healthy children and adolescents matched with ADHD group in age and gender were recruited as the control group. The Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC Bead Chip （850K chip） technology was used to perform genome-wide DNA methylation detection， analyze and screen differentially methylated sites. Gene ontology （GO） enrichment analysis and pathway analysis were used for functional classification and pathway analysis of screened genes. Results A total of 2 068 CpG sites were altered in the ADHD group compared to the control group， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. There were 842 hypermethylation sites， 1 226 hypomethylation sites， corresponding to 468 hypermethylation genes such as GPR88 and ARHGER10， and 705 hypomethylation genes such as SKI， PMP2， PRR12， EBF3， BRSK2， etc. GO enrichment analysis showed that differentially methylated genes were involved in biological processes such as phylogeny， neurological development， cell adhesion， etc. Pathway analysis showed that the differentially methylated genes were related to signal pathways such as cadherin signal pathway， neuronal system， Wnt signal pathway， glutamatergic synapse， etc. Conclusions Abnormal DNA methylation is involved in the occurrence and development of ADHD. The detected differential methylation genes may become biomarkers or predictors of ADHD. The signal pathways related to differential methylation genes may be related to the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the characteristics and influencing factors of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia patients with hypertensive comorbidity. Methods From December 2020 to August 2021， a total of 130 cases of stable schizophrenia patients in the inpatient department of Shandong Daizhuang Hospital were recruited as the research object， and divided into comorbid hypertension group （n=64） and non-comorbid hypertension group （n=66）. The general demographic and clinical data as well as the scores of Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status （RBANS） were compared between the two groups. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between cognitive function of schizophrenic patients and general demographic， clinical data and comorbid hypertension. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of cognitive function in schizophrenic patients. Results Compared with the non-comorbid hypertension group， the patients in the comorbid hypertension group had a longer course of schizophrenia， a larger body weight， a higher body mass index， and more brain CT abnormalities， and the differences were statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. RBANS delayed memory score in the comorbid hypertension group was lower than that in the non-comorbid hypertension group ［（60.88±16.76） vs （68.76±15.97）］， and the difference was statistically significant （t=-2.746， P=0.007）. The score of delayed memory was negatively correlated with comorbid hypertension （r=-0.252， P＜ 0.05）. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the number of years of education was the influencing factor of RBANS total score and immediate memory， visuospatial， language， attention and delayed memory （β=7.363， 1.297， 1.479， 1.575， 2.123， 1.317； P ＜ 0.05）. The course of schizophrenia was the influencing factor of immediate memory and delayed memory （β=-0.300， -0.303； P ＜ 0.05）. Family history of schizophrenia was the influencing factor of visuospatial dimension （β=-7.015， P ＜ 0.05）. Brain CT abnormalities was the influencing factor of language （β=-2.759， P ＜ 0.05）. Comorbid hypertension was the influencing factor of delayed memory （β=-6.950， P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Stable hypertension affects some cognitive functions of schizophrenia patients. The course of schizophrenia， years of education， family history and brain CT abnormalities may be the influencing factors of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between uroflowmetry and motor function， cognitive function in patients with Parkinson disease （PD）， multiple system atrophy （MSA） and progressive supranuclear palsy （PSP）. Methods A total of 27 PD patients， 17 MSA patients， and 16 PSP patients who visited the Department of Neurology， Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from December 2018 to December 2021 were selected. The demographic data of the patients were recorded. The overall cognitive function of the three groups was assessed and compared using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment （MoCA） and Mini-Mental State Examinationl （MMSE）. The motor function of the three groups was assessed and compared using the Hoehn-Yahr （H-Y） and Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Ⅲ （MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ）. The uroflowmetry of the patients was assessed using an intelligent urodynamic tester. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between cognition， motor function and uroflowmetry in three groups. Results The course of disease in PD group was 4.0 （2.0，7.0） years， which was longer than 2.0 （1.0， 2.5） years in MSA group， and the difference was statistically significant （H=-16.038，P ＜ 0.01）. There was no statistical difference in MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ， MoCA and MMSE scores among the 3 groups （P＞ 0.05）. The H-Y score of PD group was 2.5 （2.0， 3.0）， which was lower than 3.0 （2.5， 3.0） of PSP group， and the difference was statistically significant （H=-14.683， P＜ 0.05）. There was a statistically significant difference in urination delay time among the three groups （H=6.196， P ＜ 0.05）. Further Spearman correlation analysis showed that MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ score in PD group was positively correlated with the time to reach the maximum uroflowmetry （r=0.379， P=0.047）； MMSE score was negatively correlated with the maximum uroflowmetry， mean uroflowmetry and urinary flow acceleration （r=-0.419，-0.456，-0.402； P＜ 0.05）； MoCA score was negatively correlated with maximum uroflowmetry， mean uroflowmetry， urine output and urinary flow acceleration （r= -0.427，-0.432，-0.384，-0.385； P＜ 0.05）. In MSA group， MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ score was negatively correlated with maximum uroflowmetry and urinary flow acceleration （r=-0.527，-0.696； P ＜ 0.05）， and positively correlated with total voiding time （r=0.619，P ＜ 0.05）； MMSE score was positively correlated with time to achieve maximum uroflowmetry （r=0.499， P ＜ 0.05）. In PSP group， MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ score was positively correlated with time to achieve maximum uroflowmetry （r=0.549，P ＜ 0.05）， and negatively correlated with urinary flow acceleration （r=-0.621， P＜0.05）. Conclusions There is no significant difference in uroflowmetry among PD， MSA and PSP patients. Urinary acceleration is negatively correlated with motor function， maximum uroflowmetry is positively correlated with cognitive function in PD patients， and mean uroflowmetry is positively correlated with cognitive function in MSA patients.

Abstract:Objective To compare the reliability and validity of Mood Disorder Questionnaire （MDQ） and 32 Items Hypomania Checklist （HCL-32） in patients with mood disorders. Methods A total of 212 patients with mood disorders in Beijing Anding Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from September 2014 to December 2015 were recruited， including 107 patients with unipolar depressive disorder （UP） in UP group and 105 patients with bipolar disorder （BP） in BP group. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the two scales. Cronbach's α coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency reliability of the two scales， and Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between each item score of the two scales and the total score. The positive response rates and scores of the two scales were compared between the two groups. The screening performance of the two scales was analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve. The area under the ROC curve was also compared. Results MDQ had a two-factor structure， with eigenvalues of 5.39 and 1.47 respectively， and the two factors explained 52.81% of the total variance. HCL- 32 had a three-factor structure， with eigenvalues of 12.61， 2.87 and 1.84 respectively， and the three factors explained 54.11% of the total variance. Cronbach's α for MDQ and HCL-32 were 0.88 （95%CI=0.85-0.90） and 0.95 （95%CI=0.94-0.96） respectively. The correlation coefficients between each item of MDQ and HCL-32 and the total score were 0.50-0.72 （P＜ 0.01） and 0.16-0.78 （P＜ 0.05）， respectively. In all MDQ items， the positive response rate of BP group was higher than that of UP group. For HCL-32， positive response rates were higher in the BP group than in the UP group except item 32. The total score of MDQ in UP group was lower than that in BP group ［3.00 （0， 5.00） vs 5.00 （1.50， 9.00）］. The total score of HCL-32 in UP group was lower than that in BP group ［9.00（1.00，17.00） vs 17.00 （12.00， 23.50）］. The differences are statistically significant （Z= -4.03，-5.02； P＜ 0.01）. The areas under the ROC curve of MDQ and HCL-32 were 0.66 （95%CI=0.59-0.73， P ＜ 0.001） and 0.70 （95%CI=0.63-0.77， P ＜ 0.001）. There was no significant difference in the area under the ROC curve between the two scales （Z=1.07， P=0.28）. The optimal cut-off of MDQ was 6， sensitivity was 0.48， specificity was 0.82. The optimal cut-off of HCL-32 was 8， sensitivity was 0.85， and specificity was 0.47. Conclusions MDQ and HCL-32 have good reliability and validity in patients with mood disorders， and both can be applied to the screening of UP and BP in specialized hospitals. HCL-32 has higher sensitivity and lower specificity than MDQ.

Abstract:Stereotypes， prejudices and discrimination towards people with mental illness are common in the public， which is called public stigma. People with mental illness would internalize the public's stereotypes， prejudices and discrimination and apply them to themselves， which is called self-stigma. Both public stigma and self-stigma have serious， pervasive and permanent negative effects on people with mental illness. Therefore， it is of great significance to develop effective anti-stigma interventions. Interventions for mental illness related public stigma and self-stigma are summarized， aiming to provide insights for mental health organizations and professionals to choose， use and creatively design stigma reduction interventions in the future.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the influencing and predictive factors of cognitive behavioral therapy （CBT） on the treatment effect of social anxiety disorder （SAD）， and explore the significance of predictive factors to improve the treatment effect. Methods Based on the scoping review method， researches related to predictors of the effect of CBT in the treatment of SAD were searched in Chinese databases （CNKI， Wanfang， VIP， CBM） and foreign databases （PubMed， Embase， Cochrane Library） from the establishment of the database until October 2021. Two researchers independently extracted and analyzed the data of the included literature. Results A total of 22 articles were included. The results showed that the cognitive and functional status of the brain， the heart rate variability before treatment， the treatment experience of patients， the competence of therapists， and the score of SAD related symptom scale could all affect and predict the therapeutic effect of CBT. Conclusions Therapists' evaluation of predictors of the effect of CBT on SAD is conducive to timely adjustment of treatment plan and selection of the best treatment for patients， which is of great significance for the development of precision medicine.

Abstract:Although transcranial magnetic stimulation has been widely used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder， how to choose the best stimulation target， frequency and other treatment parameters still need to be further study. Starting from the three parameters including coil， stimulation frequency and stimulation target， this paper summarizes the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is considered that more randomized controlled experiments are still needed to confirm the efficacy and tolerability of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the future， we should focus on the selection and optimization of individualized stimulus programs.

Abstract:Transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation of the brain are very promising technologies， and are gradually being applied in basic research and clinical practice. This non-invasive， non-invasive targeted neural stimulation improves or restores brain function by modulating neural excitability and plasticity. Because the cerebellum has neuroanatomical and functional connections with the brain in motor coordination， association and emotion， nerve stimulation targeting the cerebellum can help with better understanding of the relationship between the cerebellum and the swallowing motor area of the brain under physiological and pathological conditions， and better study the regulation of cerebellum on the excitability of swallowing cortex and its effect on swallowing function， so as to provide a potential treatment for neurogenic swallowing disorder.