Abstract:Visual impairment is common in patients with major depressive disorder. The visual processing ability of patients with depression is impaired at all stages. Current studies focus on contrast sensitivity， visual masking， visual attention， facial expression recognition， visual motion. Visual processing disorders can lead to the deficit of normal sensory perception， so that the reward pathway cannot be activated properly， and then aggravate the anhedonia in patients with depression. This article reviews the impairment of visual processing in major depressive disorder and the related brain mechanisms， so as to provide reference for further research.

Abstract:Objective To explore the peripheral blood immunoinflammatory indicators that can distinguish bipolar depression from unipolar depression in the early stage of the disease， and build a prediction model to provide evidence for the early identification and early treatment of bipolar depression. Methods Patients who have been hospitalized at least 2 times in Beijing Anding Hospital， Capital Medical University between January 2013 and December 2019 were recruited as research subjects. A total of 487 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder at the first admission were included， who were divided into unipolar depression group （357 cases） and bipolar depression group （130 cases） according to whether they were diagnosed with bipolar disorder in the subsequent admission records. 102 patients were included in each of the two groups by the propensity score matching method. The demographic data and immunoinflammatory factors of the first hospitalization were compared between the two groups. The selected immunoinflammatory factors include neutrophil count to lymphocyte count ratio （NLR）， monocyte count to lymphocyte count ratio （MLR），platelet count to lymphocyte count ratio （PLR）， C-reactive protein （CRP）， complement 3 （C3）， complement 4 （C4）， immunoglobulin A （IgA）， immunoglobulin G （IgG） and immunoglobulin M （IgM）. Binomial Logistic regression analysis was used to control confounding factors to explore the early predictors for bipolar disorder. Receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was used to analyze the early predictive value of the selected immunoinflammatory factors for bipolar disorder. Results There were statistical differences in NLR， MLR， C3 and CRP between unipolar depression group and bipolar depression group （Z=2.004，3.062，2.333，2.233； P ＜ 0.05）. Binomial Logistic regression analysis showed that MLR （OR=1.63， 95%CI=1.206-2.194） and C3 （OR=1.195， 95%CI=1.033-1.383） were early predictors of bipolar depression. ROC analysis showed that the AUC of Logistic regression model for predicting bipolar depression was 0.669， with a sensitivity of 78.4% and a specificity of 53.9%. Conclusions Elevated MLR and C3 levels may be an early predictor of bipolar depression

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of early changes of composite indicators of image cognition-based psychometric techniques in the treatment of acute depression. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020， a total of 135 patients with depression who were treated in the outpatient clinic of Beijing Anding Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were selected. All patients received antidepressants and assessed for treatment efficacy by Hamilton Depression Scale-17 （HAMD-17） at baseline and the end of 8 weeks. According to the HAMD-17 reduction rate， patients were divided into treatment effective group and treatment ineffective group. The psychological assessment based on image cognition was completed at baseline and the end of 2 weeks. Eye movement trajectory and reaction time were obtained by assessment. The features that could be used for analysis were extracted through data pre-processing， and a prediction model was constructed using multifactorial Logistic regression analysis. It was evaluated that the prediction ability of composite indexes on antidepressant treatment in patients with depression after 8 weeks in receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve. Results The composite index includes cognitive speed PN and cognitive speed PP. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve for the composite index to predict effective treatment at the end of week 8 in depressed patients was 0.628， with a sensitivity of 65.9% and a specificity of 55.8%. Conclusions The composite index of psychological assessment technology based on image cognition can be used to predict the treatment outcome of patients with depression in the acute phase， but it still needs to be verified by large-scale independent samples.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between objective sleep characteristics and suicidal ideation. Methods A total of 128 elderly female patients with depression who were hospitalized at the Anhui Mental Health Centre from February 2019 to December 2021 were selected as study subjects by the convenience sampling method. They were divided into the suicidal ideation group （n=81） and the non-suicidal ideation group （n=47）， according to the score of Item 3 in the Hamilton Depression Scale （HAMD）. The total sleep time， sleep latency， sleep efficiency， rapid eye movement sleep latency （REML）， awakening times， total awakening time， non-rapid eye movement sleep sleep time in different stages （N1， N2， N3）， and rapid eye movement sleep were evaluated by polysomnography. The general information， severity of depressive symptoms， and objective sleep characteristics were compared between the two groups. Binomial Logistic regression was used to analyze The relationship between objective sleep characteristics and suicidal ideation in elderly female patients with depression. Results Univariate analysis results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in occupational category， HAMD score， sleep efficiency， total sleep time， total awakening time， awakening frequency， N1 sleep time， N2 sleep time， N3 sleep time， and REML between the two groups of patients （P ＜ 0.05）. Binomial Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for occupational categories and severity of depressive symptoms， sleep efficiency （OR=0.857， 95%CI=0.748-0.983）， total sleep time （OR=0.971， 95%CI=0.947-0.996）， awakening frequency （OR=1.092， 95%CI=1.005-1.188）， N1 sleep time （OR=1.059， 95%CI=1.018-1.101）， and N3 sleep time （OR=0.976， 95%CI=0.956-0.996） are influencing factors for suicidal ideation in elderly female depression patients （P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Some of the objective sleep characteristics of elderly female patients with depression， including decreased sleep efficiency， decreased sleep time， increased awakening frequency， prolonged sleep time in N1 phase， and decreased sleep time in N3 phase， make patients more prone to suicidal ideation.

Abstract:Objective To discuss the effects of residual symptoms after acute phase treatment on satisfaction with quality of life in Chinese patients with depression. Methods From May 2016 to October 2017， a total of 428 outpatients with depression who had completed 8-12 weeks' acute antidepression treatment were recruited from 16 hospitals. A 6-month follow-up survey was conducted. Brief 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report （QIDS-SR16）， Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form （Q-LES-Q-SF） were used to assess the residual symptoms and the satisfaction with quality of life. According to QIDS-SR16 scores， the participants were divided into complete remission group （QIDS-SR16 scores ≤ 5） and residual symptom group （QIDS-SR16 scores ＞ 5）， followup was conducted at the end of 1 month， 3 months and 6 months， and the effects of residual symptoms on patients' life satisfaction were evaluated. Generalized linear estimation equations were applied to analyze the changes in life satisfaction between two groups of patients. Results Of the 428 patients， 179 patients （41.8%） were in the complete remission group and 249 patients （58.2%） were in the residual symptoms group. At baseline， except for too much sleep， there were statistically significant differences in residual symptoms between patients in the complete remission group and those in the residual symptom group （P ＜ 0.01）. Patients in the complete remission group had higher life satisfaction than the residual symptom group， with a statistically significant difference （Z=-5.57， P ＜ 0.01）. The results of the generalized linear estimating equation analysis showed that the total Q-LES-Q-SF scores were higher in both groups during the followup period compared with the baseline period， with a significant time effect （Z=2.50-3.98， P ＜ 0.05）. The results of univariate analysis showed that difficulty falling asleep， poor sleep， early awakening， feeling depressed， appetite/weight change， impaired concentration， negative self-evaluation， suicidal ideation， lack of engagement， loss of energy， unresponsiveness and fidgeting had an effect on patients' life satisfaction （Z= -8.75-0.72， P ＜ 0.05）. Multifactorial analysis showed that suicidal ideation， lack of engagement， loss of energy， and unresponsiveness were factors influencing life satisfaction in depressed patients in QIDS-SR16 （Z=4.03， 2.00， 3.26， 2.26； P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The adverse effects on the patients' quality of life satisfaction increased with the residual symptoms in acute treatment.

Abstract:Depression is a psychological disease characterized by continuous and long-term depression. The specific assessment of indicators and techniques for depression remains a challenge， and finding efficient and accurate diagnostic methods for depression has always been a research hotspot. A large number of studies have proved that patients with depression have abnormal eye movement data. This article provides an overview of the application of eye movement technology in the diagnosis of depression， mainly elaborating on basic indicators， experimental paradigms， and recognition of attention bias， and exploring future research directions.

Abstract:Neurocognitive dysfunction is one of the important clinical manifestations in patients with depression. Recent studies have shown that this impairment manifests as a general decline in multiple domains of psychomotor speed， attention， learning and visual memory， and executive function. After treatment with antidepressants， these damages can all be improved. Early changes in cognitive function can predict the effectiveness of long-term antidepressant treatment. Current measurement tools for neurocognitive function in depression are not uniform. The use of validated cognitive measurement tools will facilitate our further understanding of cognitive dysfunction， and standardized cognitive assessment tools may reveal patterns of change in neurocognitive function before and after pharmacotherapy.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-invasive neuroregulatory techniques in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Methods Randomized controlled trials（RCT） on the efficacy of non-invasive neuroregulatory techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation （tDCS）， repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS）， and transcranial alternating current stimulation （tACS） in patients with anxiety disorders was searched in PubMed， Embase， Cochrane Library， China National Knowledge Infrastructure， VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database， and Wanfang Database. The searching time limitation is from database establishment to September 2022. Two researchers independently screen literature， extract data， and conduct quality evaluation. RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14 software were applied in the Meta-analysis. Results A total of 22 RCTs were included， 5 of which applied tDCS， 17 of which applied rTMS， and none of which applied tACS. A total of 1 216 patients were enrolled， including 611 in the control group and 605 in the experimental group. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the improvement of anxiety symptoms in experimental group treated with non-invasive neuroregulatory techniques （tDCS and rTMS） was better than that in the control group （SMD=0.87， 95%CI=0.54-1.21，P＜ 0.05）. Subgroup analysis of different neuromodulation modes showed that rTMS was better in the experimental group than in the control group （SMD=0.90， 95%CI：0.52-1.28， P＜ 0.05）. However， there was no significant difference in the effect of tDCS on anxiety symptoms between the experimental group and the control group （SMD=0.76，95%CI：-0.00-1.53， P=0.05）. Conclusions Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques can effectively improve anxiety symptoms in patients with anxiety disorders. It is worthy of further clinical verification and promotion

Abstract:Objective To explore the independent effects of personality traits and social support on depressive traits and states in adolescents， and the regulatory effects of stressful life events on depressive traits and states in adolescents. Methods A total of 303 students from one middle school in Sichuan Province were recruited from July 2022 to August 2022 by convenience sampling method. All the participants were investigated online with Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List （ASLEC）， Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version （CBF-PI-B）， Social Support Rating Scale （SSRS）， Trait Depression Scale （T-DEP）， and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale （CES-D）. Information of adolescent stress related life events， personality traits， social support， depression traits， and depression status were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of personality traits and social support on adolescent depressive traits and states， and the interaction between personality traits and social support in the impact of stressful life events on adolescent depressive traits and states was analyzed. Results The results of multiple linear regression showed that there was a negative correlation between open personality traits and adolescent depression traits （β=-0.17， 95%CI=-0.27- -0.08， P＜ 0.05）， and a negative correlation between social support and adolescent depression traits （β=- 0.16， 95%CI=-0.21- -0.10， P＜ 0.05） and depressive state （β=- 0.13， 95%CI=-0.19- -0.07，P ＜ 0.05）. The results of interaction showed that open personality played a regulatory role in the influence of life events on the adolescent depressive trait （P＜ 0.05）， while social support played a regulatory role in the influence of life events on the adolescent depression state （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions For adolescents， higher open personality leads to a lower depressive trait， and higher social support leads to both a lower depressive trait and a lower depressive state. Open personality and social support respectively play a regulatory role in the impact of stressful life events on the depressive traits and states.

Abstract:The discovery of the meningeal lymphatic system has updated our traditional understanding of lymphatic drainage and immune response in the central nervous system （CNS）. This article reviews the latest research progress in the anatomy， growth， aging and physiological functions of the meningeal lymphatic system， as well as its mechanism of action in Alzheimer disease （AD）， Parkinson disease （PD）， multiple sclerosis （MS）， CNS infectious diseases and other neurological diseases. This provides a theoretical basis to further understand the role and mechanism of the meningeal lymphatic system in these diseases， and to develop treatment methods that target the meningeal lymphatic system.

Abstract:Cerebral small vessel disease mainly affects arterioles， capillaries and venules， which is closely related to the incidence and prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. It is associated with the occurrence， site， volume， recurrent stroke， functional outcome and overall survival of intracerebral hemorrhage. This article reviews the research progress of the influence of cerebral small vessel disease on the incidence and prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage， and provides reference for clinical practice.

Abstract:Patients with traumatic brain injury are confronted with further deterioration due to inflammation， edema， and ischemia leading by the primary brain injury. This downstream injury is called secondary brain injury and is often missed diagnosis in neurocritical patient， therefore， neurocritical care management is indispensable. This article reviews research progress on neurocritical care management focused on brain multimodality monitoring， cerebral perfusion pressure and cerebrovascular autoregulation， biomarkers， epilepsy prevention， mild hypothermia treatment， nutritional support， water and electrolyte imbalance.