Abstract:Objective To compare the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with late life depression （LLD） at different suicide risks in the acute phase， and explore the related factors of suicide risks. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 118 patients with LLD at risk of suicide， admitted to Beijing Anding Hospital， Capital Medical University during acute phase from July 2021 to December 2022， including 65 with suicidal ideation（suicidal ideation group） and 53 with attempted suicide behaviour（attempted suicide group）. The general clinical data， and the scores of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale （HAMA） and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 （HAMD-24） were compared. The following pathology results among patients in different groups were compared， including adrenocorticotropic hormone（ACTH）， cortisol， serum total thyroxine（TT4）， triiodothyronine（T3）， free triiodothyronine（FT3）， free thyroxine（FT4）， thyroid-stimulating hormone（TSH）， total cholesterol（TC）， triglycerides（TG）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C）， lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）， estradiol， testosterone， etc. The related factors of attempted suicide in hospitalized LLD patients were analyzed by binomial logistic regression. Results Compared with the suicide ideation group， the FT3 level was lower in the attempted suicide group. Compared with the suicide ideation Objective To compare the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with late life depression （LLD） at different suicide risks in the acute phase， and explore the related factors of suicide risks. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 118 patients with LLD at risk of suicide， admitted to Beijing Anding Hospital， Capital Medical University during acute phase from July 2021 to December 2022， including 65 with suicidal ideation（suicidal ideation group） and 53 with attempted suicide behaviour（attempted suicide group）. The general clinical data， and the scores of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale （HAMA） and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 （HAMD-24） were compared. The following pathology results among patients in different groups were compared， including adrenocorticotropic hormone（ACTH）， cortisol， serum total thyroxine（TT4）， triiodothyronine（T3）， free triiodothyronine（FT3）， free thyroxine（FT4）， thyroid-stimulating hormone（TSH）， total cholesterol（TC）， triglycerides（TG）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C）， lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）， estradiol， testosterone， etc. The related factors of attempted suicide in hospitalized LLD patients were analyzed by binomial logistic regression. Results Compared with the suicide ideation group， the FT3 level was lower in the attempted suicide group. Compared with the suicide ideation

Abstract:Objective To explore the efficacy of electroencephalographic （EEG） biofeedback combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） in depressive disorder adolescents with non-suicidal selfinjury （NSSI） behavior. Methods From March 2021 to February 2023， 100 depressive disorder adolescents with NSSI behavior in the Shijiazhuang Eighth Hospital were selected as participants. According to the random number table method， patients were divided into control group and combination group， with 50 cases in each group. Control group was treated with rTMS， and combination group was combined with EEG biofeedback on the basis of rTMS. The clinical efficacy of two groups of patients was analyzed. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI）， and sleep parameters ［sleep latency （SL）， sleep efficiency （SE）， actual total sleep time （TST）］ and serum factors ［melatonin （MT）， brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， glial-derived neurotrophic factor （GDNF）］ were measured before and after treatment. The Hamilton Depression Scale （HAMD-24）， Hamilton Anxiety Scale （HAMA）， and Ottawa Self-Injury Scale （OSI） were used to assess the patients' mental cognition. The Short Form 36 （SF-36） was used to assess the patients' quality of life， and the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale （TESS） was used to evaluate adverse reactions. Results The total clinical effective rate of combination group 90.00% was higher than that of control group 74.00%， and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Before treatment， there was no statistically significant difference in PSQI score， SL， SE， and TST between the two groups of patients （P＞ 0.05）. After treatment， the PSQI score and SL of combination group were lower than those of control group， while SE and TST were higher than those of control group， and the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were also statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Before treatment， there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of MT， BDNF， and GDNF between the two groups of patients （P＞ 0.05）. After treatment， the levels of MT， BDNF， and GDNF increased in both groups， and combination group had higher levels of MT， BDNF， and GDNF than control group， and the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were also statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Before treatment， there was no statistically significant difference in HAMD、HAMA and OSI score between the two groups of patients （P＞ 0.05）. After treatment， the HAMD-24、HAMA and OSI score of combination group were lower than those of control group， and the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were also statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. Before treatment， there was no statistically significant difference in the scores of each dimension of SF-36 between the two groups （P ＞ 0.05）. After treatment， the SF-36 scores of combination group were higher than those of control group in all dimensions， and the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were also statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. After treatment， the TESS scores of control group and combination group were （1.65±0.40） and （1.71±0.45）， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t=0.705，P＞ 0.05）. Conclusions The combination of rTMS and EEG biofeedback has a good therapeutic effectiveness in depressive disorder adolescents with NSSI behavior， which can significantly improve patient symptoms， enhance brain neural signaling， improve sleep quality and quality of life， and is safe and reliable.

Abstract:Objective To preliminarily verify the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy （DBT） combined with lithium carbonate in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury （NSSI）. Methods From June 1 to December 31， 2023， 60 adolescents with NSSI visiting Qinhuangdao Jiulongshan Hospital were selected as subjects. The subjects were divided into DBT group and DBT+ lithium carbonate group by 1∶1 using randomized numerical table method， 30 cases in each group. DBT group was treated with single DBT， and DBT + lithium carbonate group was given lithium carbonate in addition to DBT. At baseline， three months after treatment， and six months after treatment， the Adolescent Non-suicidal Self-injury Assessment Questionnaire （ANSAQ）， Non-suicidal Self-injury Function Questionnaire， Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 （HAMD-24）， and Young Mania Rating Scale （YMRS） were used to evaluate the NSSI behavior and functional status， as well as the severity of depression and mania symptoms in both groups of subjects. The general information and observation indicators between the two groups were compared using t-test， Mann-Whitney U test， and chi square test. Simple effects analysis was conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance for those with significant interaction between groups and follow-up time or significant main effects between groups/ follow-up time. Results Before treatment， there was no statistically significant difference in the total scores and dimension scores of ANSAQ and Non-suicidal Self-injury Function Questionnaire between the two groups of patients （P ＞ 0.05）. At the third and sixth months after treatment， the total scores of ANSAQ and Nonsuicidal Self-injury Function Questionnaire and the scores of each dimension of the patients in DBT + lithium carbonate group were lower than those of DBT group， and the differences were all statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that the total and dimension scores of ANSAQ as well as Non-suicidal Self-injury Function Questionnaire were statistically significant for different treatment time main effects， group main effects， and time and subgroup interaction effects （all P ＜ 0.05）. Simple effect analyses showed that DBT + lithium carbonate group had lower total scores on the ANSAQ and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Function Questionnaire and scores on all dimensions than DBT group after three months of treatment and after six months of treatment， and the differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.05）. The incidence of NSSI in patients in DBT + lithium carbonate group was lower than that in DBT group at the third and sixth months after treatment， and the differences were statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. The differences in HAMD-24， HAMA and YMRS scores at baseline between the two groups were not statistically significant （P ＞ 0.05）. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant HAMD-24， HAMA and YMRS scores across treatment time main effects， group main effects， and time and subgroup interaction effects （all P＜ 0.05）. Simple effect analysis showed that HAMD-24， HAMA and YMRS scores were lower in DBT + lithium carbonate group than in DBT group after three months of treatment and after six months of treatment， and the differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Combined lithium carbonate on the basis of DBT has significant efficacy advantages over single DBT， which can effectively reduce the incidence of adolescent NSSI and significantly improve the anxiety， depression and mania symptoms in adolescents with NSSI.

Abstract:Non-suicidal self-injury （NSSI） is common among adolescent depression patients and is also considered the strongest predictor of suicidal behavior. Recent research suggests that hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal （HPA） axis dysregulation may play an essential role in NSSI. This article reviews the research progress of the relationship between HPA axis and NSSI in adolescents with depression and describes potential mechanisms of inflammation， brain functions and neural circuits， hoping to provide a new diagnosis and treatment idea for NSSI of adolescent depression.

Abstract:The incidence of non-suicidal self-injury （NSSI） among adolescents is escalating annually， becoming a global mental health concern. NSSI is often accompanied by the occurrence of mental illnesses such as depression， anxiety disorders， borderline personality disorders， and drug abuse， which seriously endanger the physical and mental health of adolescents. This article provides a review of the risk factors and treatment methods for adolescent NSSI behavior， with the aim of improving understanding of this behavior and achieving early prevention and intervention

Abstract:Objective To explore the association between oxidative stress markers and niacin sensitivity in male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted.From January to October 2020， 80 male patients with chronic schizophrenia admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital of Lianyungang were selected as patient group， and 40 healthy individuals matched in age， gender， body mass index （BMI） and so on were recruited as control group in Lianyungang during the same period. Two groups of general and clinical data were collected， and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale （PANSS） was used to evaluate psychiatric symptoms of patient group. The niacin skin reaction test was implemented in patients and control group， and the patients were divided into niacin low reaction group （n=47） and niacin high reaction group （n=33） based on the niacin reaction score of the niacin solution concentration of 0.01 mol/L， 10 minutes， and incomplete skin erythema. Biomarkers related to oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were measured in plasma and serum. Pearson correlation and binomial Logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results There were no statistically significant differences in age， education level， BMI， smoking， and serum nitric oxide （NO） and vitamin C between patient group and control group （all P＞ 0.05）. Skin niacin response scores， total nitric oxide synthase （TNOS）， constitutive nitric oxide synthase （cNOS）， inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， total antioxidant capacity （TAC）， and vitamin E of patient group were lower than that of control group， and the differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.01）. There was no association between TNOS， cNOS， iNOS， TAC， vitamin E and the total score and sub-scale scores of PANSS， and the differences were not statistically significant （all P＞ 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in age， education level， BMI， smoking， serum NO and vitamin C between niacin low reaction group， niacin high reaction group， and control group （all P＞ 0.05）. The differences in TNOS， cNOS， iNOS， TAC， and vitamin E among the three groups were statistically significant （all P ＜ 0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference between niacin low reaction group and niacin high reaction group in terms of chlorpromazine equivalent dose， disease duration， and onset age （all P ＞ 0.05）. Bonferroni results showed that TNOS of niacin low reaction group （P ＜ 0.001） and niacin high reaction group （P=0.002） were lower than that of control group. The difference in iNOS between niacin low reaction group and control group was statistically significant （P＜0.001）. cNOS activity of niacin low reaction group and niacin high reaction group were lower than that of control group （P＜ 0.001）. There were statistically significant differences in TAC between niacin low reaction group and niacin high reaction group （P＜ 0.001）， niacin low reaction group and control group （P=0.041）， and niacin high reaction group and control group （P=0.003）. Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for age， education level， BMI， smoking， disease duration， onset age， and chlorpromazine equivalent dose， TAC was a risk factor for skin niacin reaction in male patients with chronic schizophrenia， and the differences were statistically significant ［OR=1.023， 95%CI：1.012-1.034， P ＜ 0.001］. Conclusions Male patients with chronic schizophrenia exhibit abnormal oxidative stress and niacin skin reaction， suggesting that oxidative stress and niacin skin reaction may play a role in the pathological and physiological mechanisms of schizophrenia.

Abstract:Objective To explore the status quo of social alienation in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and analyze its influencing factors. Methods This study was a cross-sectional study. From January 2022 to May 2023， convenience sampling was used to select primary trigeminal neuralgia patients who visited the Department of Pain in Xuanwu Hospital， Capital Medical University as participants. A survey was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire， General Alienation Scale （GAS）， and Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness （SSCI） to analyze the social alienation and stigma scores of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between social alienation and stigma， and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of social alienation. A total of 256 questionnaires were distributed， with 248 valid questionnaires and an effective response rate of 96.88%. Results Among 248 patients， the total scores of GAS and SSCI were （29.69±4.74） and （59.60±15.84）， respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the total GAS score among patients of different genders， primary caregivers， course of disease， and degree of pain （all P ＜ 0.05）. The total score of GAS in patients was positively correlated with the total score of SSCI， and the difference was statistically significant （r=0.372， P＜ 0.001）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the primary caregiver （spouse：β=-1.425， P=0.011； children： β=-1.384，P=0.026）， course of disease （β=2.363， P＜ 0.001）， degree of pain （β=2.437， P＜ 0.001）， and the total scores of SSCI （β=0.075， P ＜ 0.001） were the influencing factors of social alienation in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia， with statistically significant differences， explaining 45.7% of the total variation. Conclusions Patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia experience social alienation， which is influenced by their primary caregiver （parents）， course of disease， degree of pain and stigma.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the imaging characteristics of progressive supranuclear palsy （PSP）， and its correlation with clinical symptoms. Methods A total of 132 PSP patients treated at Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from October 2017 to October 2021 were selected as the PSP group， and 132 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations at the same hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. All patients data were collected and analyzed， including general information， clinical manifestations， neurological examination results， cranial MRI， PET and other neuroimaging data. Results There was no significant difference between PSP group and healthy control group in gender， age and education level （all P ＞ 0.05）， but there was significant difference in the incidence of hummingbird disease （58.33% vs 0%）. 52 patients completed 18F-FDG PET examination， and the analysis showed that the metabolic rate of glucose in the frontal lobe， caudate nucleus， thalamus and midbrain of PSP patients was low； In patients with PSP， the glucose metabolic rate in the anterior cingulate cortex of vertical gaze palsy （VGP） decreased more significantly than that of not-VGP， and the glucose metabolic rate in the left temporal lobe， insular lobe， and anterior cingulate cortex of dementia group decreased more significantly than that of non dementia group （all P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Imaging is helpful for early diagnosis and differentiation of PSP， and clinical symptoms are related to glucose metabolism in specific brain regions.

Abstract:Depressive disorder is a common mental illness with a high prevalence and disability rate， and patients are often accompanied by self-injurious suicidal behavior and varying degrees of impaired social functioning， which creates a serious burden on society. Commonly used monoamines are slow-acting and prone to relapse， so exploring new antidepressant targets and approaches is a process necessary to address the current state of depressive disorder treatment. The hippocampus is an important brain region for human emotion regulation. This review analyzes and summarizes the role of the hippocampus and its neural circuits in the pathogenesis and treatment of depressive disorder， aiming to provide new ideas and possible targets for the treatment of depressive disorder.

Abstract:Depressive disorder is currently the disease with high risk of suicide， seriously threatening the physical and mental health of people of all ages， and causing a huge burden on patients' families and society. There are differences in brain structure and function between patients with depressive disorder and healthy individuals. The neuroimaging features of the hippocampus are becoming important biomarkers for diagnosing depressive disorder and predicting its progression， providing a new reference for early diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorder. This paper reviews the research status of the structure and function of the hippocampus in patients with first-episode depressive disorder， and explores in detail the changes in the structure and function of hippocampus， aiming to provide accurate and efficient reference for screening， diagnosis， and treatment of firstepisode depressive disorder patients using magnetic resonance imaging as a non-invasive examination method.

Abstract:Modified electroconvulsive therapy （MECT） is one of the main treatments for common mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Due to greater adverse impact of MECT on patient's cognition， there have been attempts to improve MECT， in which changing the electrode placement is one of the improvement directions. This paper reviews the research progress on improved electrode placement in MECT， with special attention to focal electrically-administered seizure therapy， left anterior-right temporal electroconvulsive therapy and left unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. These modified treatment methods can maintain the efficacy of MECT while reducing adverse cognitive effects on patients， thereby promoting early recovery of patients with mental illness.

Abstract: