Abstract:Neural oscillation is a rhythmic， or repetitive， neuronal activity present in the central nervous system. Synchronized neural oscillations play a crucial role in modulating dysfunction in a wide range of neurological disorders. Abnormal neuronal oscillations within and between multiple brain regions in patients with Parkinson disease correlate with their specific clinical manifestations， demonstrating the importance of abnormal neuronal oscillations in the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease. Dopaminergic drugs， deep brain stimulation techniques， and noninvasive neuromodulation techniques can modulate the abnormal neuronal oscillation patterns of patients with Parkinson disease， thereby improving their clinical symptoms. Thus， neural oscillations are a highly promising intervention mechanism in the treatment of Parkinson disease. This paper reviews the link between neural oscillations and Parkinson disease and its treatment modalities， with a view to informing mechanistic and clinical studies of neural oscillations in Parkinson disease.

Abstract:Objective To explore personality traits and their correlation with clinical symptoms in patients with first-episode drug-naive somatic symptom disorder （SSD）. Methods From November 2020 to September 2021， 33 cases of first-episode drug-naive SSD patients attending Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine were enrolled in study group， while 33 healthy volunteers matched for age， gender， and education level were recruited as healthy controls. Hamilton Depression Scale （HAMD）， Hamilton Anxiety Scale （HAMA）， Symptom Checklist （SCL-90）， and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese （EPQ-RSC） were used to assess the subjects' depressive disorder， anxiety， mental health， and personality traits. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between personality trait and depressive， anxiety， and mental health in study group. Results HAMD， HAMA， and SCL-90 total scores of SSD patients were 8.0（6.0，11.0），9.0（6.0，10.0）， and 54.0（32.0，80.5）， respectively， which were statistically significant differences when compared with healthy controls （all P ＜ 0.05）. The difference in introversion and extraversion and neuroticism between SSD patients and healthy controls was statistically significant （P ＜ 0.05）. In SSD patients， introversion and extraversion were negatively correlated with total HAMD score and total SCL-90 score （r=-0.444， -0.362，all P ＜ 0.05）， and neuroticism was positively correlated with total HAMD score and total SCL-90 score （r=0.346， 0.628，all P ＜ 0.05）. In multiple regression analyses of the impact of personality tratis on the clinical symptoms of SSD patients， the final independent variables included in the model were introversion and extraversion when the total HAMD score was used as the dependent variable （P＜ 0.05）， gender and introversion and extraversion when the total HAMA score was used as the dependent variable （P＜ 0.05）， and gender and neuroticism when the total SCL-90 score was used as the dependent variable （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions SSD patients may have personality traits of introversion and neuroticism， with introversion being associated with their emotional problems and neuroticism being closely related to their overall mental health

Abstract:Objective To explore the neuroprotective effects and autophagy regulation of 4-aminopyridine （4-AP） as a transmembrane protein 175 （TMEM175） inhibitor in Parkinson disease （PD） mice. Methods A 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1，2，3，6-tetrahydropyridine （MPTP）-induced PD mouse model was used， involving 60 C57BL/6 mice， which were randomly divided into four groups， including control group， MPTP group， 4-AP group and 4-AP+MPTP group， with 15 mice in each group. The effects of 4-AP on dopamine neurons， TMEM175 expression and autophagy levels were assessed by behavioral testing， molecular docking， immunohistochemistry， Western blot， RT-qPCR and ELISA. Results Behavioral analysis showed that the speed of mice in MPTP group was （5.4±1.1） cm/s， which was lower than that of （6.8±0.6） cm/s in control group and （6.4±0.9） cm/s in 4-AP+MPTP group， and the difference was statistically significant （all P＜ 0.05）. The free movement time and forelimb grip strength of mice in MPTP group were （155.1±9.0） s and （173.8±13.5） g，respectively， which were lower than those of 4-AP+MPTP group （164.2±9.2） s and （191.3±16.1） g， respectively， and the differences were statistically significant （all P ＜ 0.05）. Compared with MPTP group， the expression of TMEM175 protein （P ＜ 0.001） and mRNA （P ＜ 0.01） was decreased， and the levels of TH protein （P ＜ 0.05） and mRNA （P ＜ 0.01） were elevated in 4-AP+MPTP group of mice， and the differences were statistically significant. The levels of autophagy markers LC3A （P＜ 0.01） and Beclin-1 （P＜ 0.001） were increased in MPTP group， whereas the expression was reduced in 4-AP+MPTP group （P ＜ 0.05）， and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions 4-AP improves motor function and reduces dopamine neuron loss in PD mice by targeting TMEM175 channels and regulating autophagy-related protein levels.

Abstract:Parkinson disease （PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disease that occurs in old people，and including motor and non-motor symptoms， in which gait disorder severely affect the quality of life of PD patients in terms of independence. At present， levodopa medication remain the primary method for treating the symptoms of PD，but the improvement of gait disorders still very limited. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） is a very promising non-invasive neuromodulation technology， which has certain efficacy in improving gait disorder. Therefore， this paper reviews the therapeutic plan， therapeutic target， therapeutic frequency， and mechanism of action of rTMS in improving gait disorder of PD. In order to provide theoretical basis and evidence for the use of rTMS in the treatment of PD gait disorder

Abstract:Patients with Parkinson disease （PD） exhibit unique changes in the gut microbiota that hold promise as early biomarkers of the disease. These changes may be related to motor or non-motor symptoms and may provide novel interventions for PD beyond medications and deep brain electrical stimulation. This paper reviews the studies on the correlation between bacteria， fungi， archaea， viruses， and PD， and analyzes the current status and dilemmas， with a view to providing a reference for further research

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Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） on craving， mood， and sleep in opioid-dependent patients. Methods A total of 42 patients who were hospitalized in Beijing Changping Huayou Hospital from May 1， 2020 to June 30， 2021 and met the diagnostic criteria for opioid dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders （5th Edition） （DSM-5） were selected for the study. The patients were randomized into 21 cases each in rTMS group and control group on a 1∶1 basis using a computer. All patients received methadone replacement therapy，on top of which rTMS group received 10 Hz rTMS treatment （5 times/week for 4 weeks） and control group was treated with pseudostimulation （5 times/week for 4 weeks）， with the site of stimulation being the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex （DLPFC）. The 12-item Opiate Addiction Severity Inventory （OASI-12）， Visual Analogue Scale （VAS）， Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI）， Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD-7）， and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9） were used for assessment at baseline and at the end of the treatment （4 weeks） to compare the OASI， VAS， PSQI， GAD-7， and PHQ-9 scores and subtractive values between the two groups after 4 weeks. Results The scores of OASI-12， VAS， PSQI， GAD-7 and PHQ-9 after treatment were （33.90±7.27）， 6.00（5.00，8.00）， （11.38±1.77）， （5.05±2.42） and （5.10±2.07） in rTMS group and （31.78±5.24）， 7.50（4.75，10.00）， （13.22±2.24）， （7.89±3.58）， and （8.72±3.61） in control group respectively. The differences in VAS， PSQI， GAD-7， and PHQ-9 scores before and after treatment in rTMS group were statistically significant （t=-3.095， 10.242， 6.011， 6.706； all P ＜ 0.001）. The subtraction values of OASI- 12， VAS， PSQI， GAD-7， and PHQ-9 scores before and after treatment in rTMS group were 0 （-1.50，1.00）， 2.00 （1.00，3.50）， 8.00（4.00，8.50），5.00（2.00，8.00）， and 9.00 （2.00， 13.00）， which were greater than those in control group with statistically significant differences （Z=-2.154，-2.551，-3.711，-3.015，-2.140； all P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The rTMS may help reduce cravings， improve sleep， and alleviate anxiety and depressive disorder in patients with opioid dependence.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of comprehensive rehabilitation training on family function and medication adherence in patients with stable schizophrenia in the community. Methods This study was a prospective randomized controlled trail. A total of 412 patients with stable schizophrenia in the community from January 2022 to June 2023 in Jinan Jiyang Mental Health Center were selected for the study. A computer generated random number table was used to divide the patients into control group （n=206） and intervention group （n=206） in a ratio of 1∶1. Control group received conventional medication， and intervention group was treated with comprehensive rehabilitation training based on control group， including five modules of health education， medication management skills training， symptom monitoring， social skills training and vocational rehabilitation training. The Chinese version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale （MMAS-8）， Positive and Negative Symptom Schedule （PANSS）， Family Burden Scale of Diseases （FBSD）， Social Dysfunction Screening Scale （SDSS）， and Social Support Rating Scale （SSRS） were used to assess the medication adherence， severity of mental symptoms of patients， burden of mental disorders on the families and social function deficits in patients with mental disorders. Time trend analysis and mixed-effects model was used to assess the differences in scale scores between intervention and control groups before intervention， 3， 6， 9 and 12 months after intervention to further explore the dynamics of the intervention effect. Results There was no statistically significant difference in MMAS-8， PANSS， FBSD， SDSS and SSRS scores between the two groups before intervention （all P＞ 0.05）. At 3， 9， and 12 months of intervention， the MMAS-8 scores of intervention group were higher than those of control group， and the PANSS， FBSD， and SDSS scores were lower than those of control group， and the differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.05）， the differences in the SSRS scores of the two groups were not statistically significant （all P＞ 0.05）. Mixed-effects model analyses showed no statistically significant intervention fixed effects for MMAS-8， PANSS， FBSD， and SDSS scores （all P ＞ 0.05）， but the interactions between intervention and time were statistically significant （all P＜0.05）. The time trend test showed statistically significant differences in MMAS-8， PANSS， FBSD， SDSS and SSRS scores over time in both groups （P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Comprehensive rehabilitation training combined with medication significantly increases medication adherence and alleviate symptoms， which helps to improve long-term management and quality of life in patients.

Abstract:Objective To explore the clinical features and the influencing factors of the multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment models for elderly patients with mental disorders. Methods A total of 6 272 elderly patients with mental disorders who were hospitalized in Shandong Daizhuang Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were selected as study subjects. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect general and disease information from the patients. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the clinical characteristics of elderly patients with mental disorders and the influencing factors for the selection of multidisciplinary treatment mode， and Binomial Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing the multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment model. Results The distribution of elderly patients with mental disorders by age group was 65-70 years old （3 508 cases，55.9%），71-75 years old （1 613 cases，25.7%），76-80 years old （786 cases， 12.5%），81-85 years old （294 cases，4.7%），and ≥ 86 years old（71 cases， 1.1%）. The top three composition ratios of elderly mental disorders were depressive disorders （2 796 cases，44.58%），organic brain disorders （894 cases，14.25%），and bipolar disorders （681 cases，10.86%），and depressive disorders were the most common mental disorders in old age. The somatic comorbidity rate was high in elderly patients with mental disorders， amounting to 93.8% （5 883 cases）. Elderly patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity（χ2 =484.344，P＜ 0.05），older age（Z=-19.188，P＜ 0.05），female（χ2 =4.172，P ＜ 0.05）and living in towns and cities （χ2 =11.510，P ＜ 0.05） would be more inclined to choose a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment model，and the differences were statistically significant. Elderly patients with mental disorders who chose a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment model had few hospital days （Z=-13.203，P ＜ 0.05）and less hospitalization costs （Z=-11.000，P ＜ 0.05）. Older age，somatic comorbidity，female and living in towns and cities were influencing factors for the choice of multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment model in elderly patients with mental disorders （OR＞ 1，P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Depressive disorder is the most common mental disorder in the elderly population. Elderly patients with mental disorders exhibit a high comorbidity rate of physical illnesses， leading a significant proportion of them to opt for multidisciplinary treatment models. Age， comorbid physical illnesses，and place of residence are influencing factors in whether elderly patients with mental disorders choose multidisciplinary treatment approaches.

Abstract:Research progress of metacognitive function assessment in screening for prodromal Alzheimer disease

Abstract:The kynurenine pathway and its metabolites play an important role in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of central nervous system diseases. A variety of neuroactive substances produced by this pathway have neurotoxic， neuroprotective， or immunomodulatory effects. Therefore， exploring the heterogeneity of the expression of the kynurenine pathway and metabolites is important for explaining the pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases associated with it， which can help in the diagnosis， treatment， prevention and control of the diseases. This paper reviews the association of the kynurenine pathway and metabolites with a variety of central nervous system diseases

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